Table 3.

Air and Surface Nicotine Contamination in Homes of Hookah-Only Smokers Compared to Nonsmoker Homes (N = 24)

	Nonsmoker homes (n = 5), GM (95% CI)a	Hookah-only smoker homes (n = 19), GM (95% CI)	p valueb	Hookah-only smoker homes by frequency of smoking			p valued	p valuee
				Daily hookah smoker homes (n = 8), GM (95% CI)	p valuec	Weekly/monthly hookah smoker homes (n = 11), GM (95% CI)
Parent reported number of hookah heads smoked in 7 days
Heads of hookahs smokedf	0 (0–0)	4.84 (3.10–7.30)	.001	8.48 (5.86–12.10)	.002	3.10 (1.57–5.55)	.001	.016
Median		4		7		3
Range (heads)		1–21		4–21		1–17
Parent reported number of hours hookah smoked in 7 days
Hours hookah smokedf	0 (0–0)	3.84 (2.50–5.69)	.002	5.05 (2.63–9.08)	.003	3.12 (1.73–5.20)	.002	.231
Median		3.92		4.21		3.92
Range (hours)		0.50–19		1.75–19		0.50–15
Air nicotine in 7 days (μg/m3)g
Living room	0.03 (0.00–0.08)	0.23 (0.05–0.45)	.117	0.43 (0.02–1.00)	.079	0.09 (0.02–0.17)	.270	.248
Range	0.01–0.13	0.00–2.18		0.01–2.18h		0.00–0.40
%, Freq/n above LODi,j	20%, 1/5	72%, 13/18		88%, 7/8k		60%, 6/10l
Child’s room	0.01 (0.01–0.02)	0.17 (0.02–0.35)	.030	0.41 (0.05–0.88)	.005	0.03 (0.01–0.04)	.193	.017
Range	0.01–0.02	0.01–1.61		0.02–1.61		0.01–0.08
%, Freq/n above LOD	0%, 0/5	68%, 13/19		88%, 7/8		55%, 6/11
p m	.463	.215		.947		.117
Surface wipes nicotine (μg/m2)n
Living room	1.37 (0.00–5.85)	31.98 (11.75–84.33)	.014	83.67 (12.50–529.94)	.013	15.62 (6.36–36.54)	.047	.083
Range	0.02–13.85	0.01–2,741.74		0.09–2,741.74		0.01–158.95
%, Freq/n above LOD	40%, 2/5	95%, 18/19		100%, 8/8		91%, 10/11
Child’s room	1.36 (0.00–6.61)	44.06 (16.87–112.63)	.012	64.60 (13.25–301.01)	.013	33.29 (9.48–111.18)	.036	.620
Range	0.01–20.82	0.01–7,180.90		8.10–7,180.90o		0.01–1,033.76
%, Freq/n above LOD	40%, 2/5	95%, 18/19		100%, 8/8		91%, 10/11
p p	.953	.809		.638		.307

Note. LOD = limit of detection.

^aGM (95% CI) = geometric mean and 95% confidence interval.

^b–e p values where derived from Mann–Whitney U tests on raw data; two-tailed with an alpha level p < .05. p ^b, p ^c, p ^d, p ^e, respectively, ^bhookah smokers vs. nonsmokers, ^cdaily smokers vs. nonsmokers, ^dweekly/monthly smokers vs. nonsmokers, ^edaily smokers vs. weekly/monthly smokers.

^fParent reported number of hookah heads and number of hours hookah smoked in 7 days were calculated from the 7-Day Home Tobacco Use Diary.

^gNicotine air samples were collected with passive diffusion monitor badges during 7 days and were placed in the living room and child room.

^hFor example, 548ng × 1 μg/1,000ng/(0.252 m³) = 2.18 μg/m³.

ⁱPercentage (%) of samples with nicotine levels above the LOD: nicotine air LOD = 0.02 μg/m³ per 7 days, nicotine surface wipes LOD = 0.5 μg/m².

^jFreq/n = frequency of samples with levels above the LOD/sample size of samples per group.

^kFor example, 1 surface wipe/living room/home × 8 homes = 8 wipes.

^l(1 monitor missing). Air nicotine levels were quantified in nanograms (ng) and were reported in micrograms/cubic meter (μg/m³) as follows: 25cm³/min (rate of monitor air sampling) × 1,440min/day × 1 m³/106cm³ × 7 day = 0.252 m³.

^mAir nicotine living room vs. child room.

ⁿSurface wipes were collected from the living room and child room, one wipe per room using 10cm by 10cm surface area for wiping (100cm² = 0.01 m²). Surface nicotine levels were quantified in ng and were reported in micrograms/meter squared (μg/m²).

^oFor example, 71,808.9ng × 1 μg/1,000ng/(0.01 m²) = 7,180.9 μg/m². Statistically significant p values are noted in bold.

^pSurface nicotine living room vs. child bedroom using Wilcoxon log-rank tests on raw data.