Table 4.
Spearman’s Rho Correlations of Child Urinary Biomarkers of Hookah-Only Tobacco SHS Exposure With Air and Surface Nicotine
| Air nicotine living room | Air nicotine child bedroom | Surface nicotine living room | Surface nicotine child bedroom | Cotinine | Total NNAL | 3-HPMA | Totala hours hookah smoked | Totala number hookah smoked | Number of bedrooms in homes | Totala hours child exposed to SHS | Child age | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air nicotine living room | 1 | .483b
.019 c |
.322 .134 |
.133 .544 |
.254 .242 |
.415 .049 |
.043 .847 |
.302 .162 |
.512 .013 |
−.119 .590 |
NA | NA |
| Air nicotine child bedroom | 1 | .416 .043 |
.297 .158 |
.374 .072 |
.417 .042 |
.343 .101 |
.294 .164 |
.377 .069 |
−.322 .125 |
NA | NA | |
| Surface nicotine living room | 1 | .635 .001 |
.358 .086 |
.508 .011 |
.403 .051 |
.404 .050 |
.469 .021 |
−.122 .572 |
NA | NA | ||
| Surface nicotine child bedroom | 1 | .173 .419 |
.397 .055 |
.203 .340 |
.343 .101 |
.471 .020 |
−.160 .455 |
NA | NA | |||
| Cotinine | 1 | .625 .001 |
.157 .465 |
.596 .002 |
.598 .002 |
−.352 .092 |
.670 <.001 |
−.313 .137 |
||||
| Total NNAL | 1 | .217 .310 |
.353 .090 |
.582 .003 |
−.300 .154 |
.521 .009 |
−.432 .035 |
|||||
| 3-HPMA | 1 | .140 .513 |
.131 .541 |
−.490 .015 |
.314 .136 |
−.359 .085 |
Note. 3-HPMA = 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid; NA = not applicable; NNAL = 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; SHS = secondhand smoke. Biomarkers units: cotinine ng/mg creatinine, NNAL pg/mg creatinine, 3-HPMA pmol/mg creatinine.
aIn 7 days.
bSpearman’s rho correlation coefficient (ρ).
c p value; statistically significant p values are noted in bold.