Fig. 1.

Reward-learning (MIL) task, time-course-based results: Time courses of activation comparing positive to negative prediction errors during the learning task in younger (age range 22–44; N = 12), middle-aged (age range 45–60; N = 13), and older (age range 64–85; N = 14) adults. Black lines are positive prediction errors, and gray lines are negative prediction errors. MPFC = medial prefrontal cortex; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; NAcc = nucleus accumbens. Error bars indicate SEMs. White regions highlight feedback intervals adjusted for hemodynamic lag