Table 1.
Time-sensitive effects of behavioral manipulations on functional outcome after brain damage in animal models.
| Post-injury experience (onset time) | Functional outcome | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very early | Early | Delayed | ||
| Motor RT (Day 5–7) |  |
Nudo et al., 1996; Biernaskie et al., 2004 | ||
| Motor RT (Day 14) |  |
Biernaskie et al., 2004 | ||
| NPT (Day 5–7) | Motor RT (Day17–22) |  |
Allred et al., 2005, 2010; Allred and Jones, 2008b; Kerr et al., 2013 | |
| NPT (Day 5–7) |  |
Allred et al., 2005, 2010; Allred and Jones, 2008b; Kerr et al., 2013; Maclellan et al., 2013 | ||
| Exercise (Day 0) | |
Griesbach et al., 2004 | ||
| Exercise (Day 14) | |
Griesbach et al., 2004 | ||
| Cognitive RT (Day 7) | = | Mala et al., 2012 | ||
| Cognitive RT (Day 21) | |
Mala et al., 2012 | ||
| CNP (immediate) | |
Kozlowski et al., 1996; Humm et al., 1998 | ||
| CNP (≥ Day 7) | = | Kozlowski et al., 1996; Humm et al., 1998 | ||
| CNP + motor RT (Day 7) | |
DeBow et al., 2003 | ||
Onset time is relative to the time of injury. Behavioral manipulations continued for days to weeks after onset. Functional outcome direction is relative to no-behavioral-manipulation-controls with the same injury. RT, rehabilitative training; NPT, nonparetic limb training; CNP, constraint of the nonparetic limb.