Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of women in Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II and men in Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Values are means (standard deviations) or percentages unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Total whole fruit consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <4 servings/week | 4-6 servings/week | 1 serving/day | 2 servings/day | ≥3 servings/day | |
| Nurses’ Health Study*: | |||||
| No of participants | 16 069 | 11 698 | 15 783 | 15 106 | 7 449 |
| Age (years) | 48.2 (6.9) | 49.1 (7.0) | 50.0 (7.1) | 51.1 (7.1) | 52.3 (6.9) |
| Body mass index | 24.7 (4.8) | 24.8 (4.6) | 24.9 (4.6) | 25.0 (4.5) | 24.9 (4.5) |
| Physical activity (MET hours/week) | 10.6 (18.2) | 12.4 (17.8) | 14.1 (19.0) | 16.2 (21.3) | 20.2 (27.6) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 9.2 (14.1) | 7.2 (11.1) | 6.4 (10.4) | 5.9 (9.3) | 5.3 (9.0) |
| Current smoker (%) | 38 | 27 | 20 | 16 | 14 |
| White (%) | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 24 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Multivitamin use (%) | 31 | 35 | 38 | 41 | 43 |
| Ever menopausal hormone use (%) | 17 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 28 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1566 (506) | 1672 (498) | 1741 (500) | 1857 (516) | 2041 (543) |
| Fruit juice consumption (serving/day) | 0.54 (0.70) | 0.67 (0.66) | 0.75 (0.69) | 0.82 (0.74) | 0.95 (0.96) |
| Modified alternate healthy eating index score | 44.8 (9.9) | 47.1 (9.8) | 49.2 (9.9) | 51.4 (10.0) | 54.1 (10.1) |
| Nurses’ Health Study II†: | |||||
| No of participants | 25 120 | 16 726 | 20 259 | 16 312 | 6687 |
| Age (years) | 35.9 (4.7) | 36.0 (4.7) | 36.1 (4.6) | 36.3 (4.6) | 36.4 (4.6) |
| Body mass index | 24.6 (5.6) | 24.6 (5.3) | 24.5 (5.0) | 24.5 (4.9) | 24.3 (5.0) |
| Physical activity (MET hours/week) | 15.8 (23.0) | 18.7 (23.7) | 21.3 (25.6) | 25.7 (30.6) | 33.2 (39.6) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 3.6 (7.3) | 3.0 (5.8) | 3.0 (5.5) | 3.0 (5.4) | 2.8 (5.4) |
| Current smoker (%) | 18 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 7 |
| White (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 94 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 16 |
| Multivitamin use (%) | 37 | 42 | 46 | 50 | 52 |
| Ever menopausal hormone use (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Current oral contraceptive use (%) | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1559 (504) | 1714 (502) | 1820 (504) | 1983 (516) | 2215 (551) |
| Fruit juice consumption (serving/day) | 0.45 (0.67) | 0.61 (0.70) | 0.70 (0.76) | 0.82 (0.84) | 1.02 (1.09) |
| Modified alternate health eating index score | 45.3 (10.3) | 48.0 (10.3) | 50.1 (10.3) | 52.4 (10.3) | 54.8 (10.3) |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study‡: | |||||
| No of participants | 8397 | 5662 | 8193 | 8565 | 5356 |
| Age (years) | 50.1 (8.4) | 51.1 (8.9) | 52.2 (9.2) | 53.7 (9.5) | 55.0 (9.6) |
| Body mass index | 25.1 (5.0) | 25.0 (4.7) | 25.0 (4.6) | 24.9 (4.7) | 24.6 (5.0) |
| Physical activity (MET hours/week) | 16.2 (24.0) | 18.0 (22.5) | 21.3 (31.8) | 23.9 (29.4) | 29.7 (38.9) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 14.7 (18.4) | 12.0 (15.8) | 11.0 (14.4) | 10.0 (13.8) | 8.4 (12.2) |
| Current smoker (%) | 18 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 4 |
| White (%) | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 95 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 18 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 19 |
| Multivitamin use (%) | 37 | 39 | 42 | 44 | 47 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1814 (579) | 1915 (592) | 1973 (592) | 2100 (608) | 2287 (644) |
| Fruit juice consumption (serving/day) | 0.57 (0.70) | 0.69 (0.72) | 0.78 (0.77) | 0.87 (0.84) | 1.01 (1.08) |
| Modified alternate health eating index score | 48.2 (10.8) | 51.1 (10.7) | 53.3 (10.5) | 55.7 (10.5) | 58.7 (10.4) |
MET=metabolic equivalent of task.
*Baseline was 1984.
†Baseline was 1991.
‡Baseline was1986.