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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 26.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2014 May 21;510(7506):542–546. doi: 10.1038/nature13270

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effects of chronic metformin (50 mg/kg, IP per day x 30 days) treatment in Sprague-Dawley rats on plasma glucose, EGP and hepatic redox state. (a) Chronic metformin treatment reduced fasting plasma glucose and (b) EGP. These changes were associated with (c) increased plasma [lactate]:[pyruvate], and (d) decreased plasma [β-hydroxybutyrate]:[acetoacetate]. Chronic metformin treatment (e) elevated hepatic cytosolic redox state, (f) decreased liver mitochondrial redox state and (g) increased plasma glycerol. Data are mean ± SEM, ((a) n=5; (b, d–g) saline n=6, metformin n=4; (c) n=4; biological replicates). * P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 by unpaired t-test.