Fig. 1.

Experimental design and the four behavioral groups analyzed in this study. Two groups of honey bees (Apis mellifera) from the same colony were trained to forage at an artificial feeder either in the morning (tAM) or in the afternoon (tPM). Bees from each training group were collected just prior to the onset of each training time, in the morning (cAM) or afternoon (cPM). Bees collected just before their training time demonstrated stereotypical anticipatory behavior that precedes flying to a food source whereas bees collected outside of their training time were inactive.