Table 2.
Associations between urban–rural residence and cancer risk: adjusted relative risks (RR)a, with 95 % confidence intervals, by cancer site and sex
| Cancer site | Males | Females | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | Intermediate | Urban | Rural | Intermediate | Urban | |
| Cancer sites positively associated with socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Malignant melanoma | 1.0 (ref) | 1.20 (1.10–1.31) | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) |
| Non-melanoma skin cancer | 1.0 (ref) | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | 1.13 (1.10–1.17) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) | 1.23 (1.19–1.27) |
| Breast | – | – | – | 1.0 (ref) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 1.09 (1.05–1.12) |
| Prostate | 1.0 (ref) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) | – | – | – |
| Cancer sites negatively associated with socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Head and neck | 1.0 (ref) | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) | 1.53 (1.42–1.64) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 1.29 (1.15–1.45) |
| Esophagus | 1.0 (ref) | 1.07 (0.98-1.17) | 1.21 (1.11–1.31) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) |
| Stomach | 1.0 (ref) | 1.15 (1.07–1.25) | 1.36 (1.27–1.46) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 1.19 (1.08–1.30) |
| Colorectal | 1.0 (ref) | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 1.14 (1.09–1.18) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) |
| Pancreas | 1.0 (ref) | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 1.06 (0.97–1.17) |
| Lung | 1.0 (ref) | 1.25 (1.19–1.31) | 1.54 (1.47–1.61) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.35 (1.27–1.44) | 1.74 (1.65–1.84) |
| Bladder | 1.0 (ref) | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) | 1.30 (1.21–1.39) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 1.31 (1.17–1.46) |
| Kidney | 1.0 (ref) | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) |
| Cervix | 1.0 (ref) | 1.39 (1.26–1.52) | 1.48 (1.35–1.62) | |||
| Cancer sites not associated with socio-economic status | ||||||
| Brain and CNS | 1.0 (ref) | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) |
| Ovary | – | – | – | 1.0 (ref) | 1.02 (0.96–1.10) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) |
| Uterus | – | – | – | 1.0 (ref) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) |
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 1.0 (ref) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 1.04 (0.97–1.13) |
| Leukaemia | 1.0 (ref) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 0.94 (0.86–1.01) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) |
aAdjusted for age, country, unemployment, educational attainment, and elderly living alone; RRs shown in bold are statistically significantly different from 1 (p≤O.05)