Table 1. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of a cohort of 3928 patients with type 2 diabetes stratified according to exposure to RAS inhibitors during follow-up.
| RAS inhibitor users (n = 1519) |
RAS inhibitor nonusers (n = 2409) |
Pa | |
| Median (25th to 75th) or n (%) |
Median (25th to 75th) or n (%) |
||
| Baseline variables | |||
| Age, years | 57 (47–67) | 51 (42–62) | <0.001 |
| Male gender | 695 (45.8%) | 1091 (45.3%) | 0.776 |
| Occupation | <0.001 | ||
| Full-time | 528 (34.8%) | 968 (40.2%) | |
| Housework | 442 (29.1%) | 681 (28.3%) | |
| Retired | 400 (26.3%) | 477 (19.8%) | |
| Others | 149 (9.8%) | 283 (11.8%) | |
| Smoking status | 0.387 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 211 (13.9%) | 307 (12.7%) | |
| Current smoker | 232 (15.3%) | 399 (16.6%) | |
| Alcohol intake | 0.069 | ||
| Ex-drinker | 179 (11.8%) | 250 (10.4%) | |
| Current drinker | 101 (6.7%) | 202 (8.4%) | |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 6 (2–11) | 4 (1–9) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.1 (23.0–27.9) | 24.1 (22.0–26.6) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 138 (127–151) | 125 (115–137) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 78 (70–84) | 73 (66–80) | <0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 7.5 (6.6–8.8) | 7.0 (6.1–8.1) | <0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, mmol/mol | 58 (49–73) | 53 (43–65) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.24 (2.60–3.87) | 3.10 (2.50–3.70) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.23 (1.04–1.48) | 1.29 (1.08–1.54) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.39 (0.97–2.04) | 1.20 (0.85–1.74) | <0.001 |
| Urinary ACR (mg/mmol) | 3.72 (1.18–14.60) | 0.95 (0.53–2.01) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml min−1 1.73 m−2 | 105.9 (87.2–127.2) | 112.8 (96.5–133.3) | <0.001 |
| Use of drugs and events during follow-up | |||
| Statins | 615 (40.5%) | 512 (21.3%) | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 1277 (84.1%) | 1591 (66.0%) | <0.001 |
| Gliclazide | 701 (46.2%) | 982 (40.8%) | <0.001 |
| Glibenclamide | 492 (32.4%) | 654 (26.8%) | <0.001 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 140 (9.2%) | 96 (4.0%) | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 678 (44.6%) | 549 (22.8%) | <0.001 |
| CVD | 129 (8.5%) | 155 (6.4%) | 0.015 |
| Death | 106 (7.0%) | 144 (6.0%) | 0.211 |
Abbreviations: RAS, renin–angiotensin inhibitors; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP, blood pressure; ACR, albumin:creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; CVD, cardiovascular disease.
aDerived from Wilcoxon 2-sample test, χ2 test, or Fisher’s exact test, where appropriate.