TABLE 1.

Study Inclusion Criteria: Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Timing, Setting

Category	Criteria
Study population	Prepubescent males presenting with cryptorchidism or suspected cryptorchidism
Interventions	Hormones, including hCG or gonadotropin-releasing hormone, surgical therapy, and specific surgical techniques (ie, 1-stage versus 2-stage orchiopexy, laparoscopic versus open approach)
Comparators	Nontreatment, later treatment, hormones, and different surgical techniques
Outcomes	• Immediate (within 6 wk of therapy) and short-term (6 wk to 2 y of therapy) outcomes:
	o Testicular size and appearance
	o Testicular position
	o Pain
	o Parent/patient satisfaction
	o Need for further surgical intervention
	o Emotional/psychosocial response
	o Adverse effects, including but not limited to pain, infection, hematoma, and edema
	• Long-term (>2 y after therapy) outcomes:
	o Testicular size and appearance
	o Testicular position
	o Endocrine function
	o Body image
	o Parent/patient satisfaction
	o Infertility/subfertility
	o Torsion
	o Testicular malignancy and cancer
	o Hernia
	o Emotional/psychosocial response
Timing	Time frame for reporting of outcomes was not restricted.
Setting	All settings were considered, including hospitals and university or academic medical centers.

hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin.