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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychol. 2013 May 4;94(1):22–37. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.011

Appendix A.

Coded Qualities and Weighted Effect Sizes of Studies of RSA Withdrawal and Children’s Adaptive Functioning Outcomes

Demographic Variables RSA Measurement Variables
Study Mean
Age in
Years		 % of
sample
Male		 % of
sample
Caucasian		 Time
Lag in
Years		 Sample Type Type of Task
used for RSA		 Controlled
for baseline
RSA		 Respiration
Rates		 Adaptive Functioning
Domain Measured		 Effect
Size		 N
1 El-Sheikh, M., & Whitson, S. (2006) 9.67 52 74 2.0 Community/Healthy negative emotion/stressor Yes Yes, actual measurement Externalizing (P)
Internalizing (P)		 −.11
−.29		 133
2 Calkins, S., & Dedmon, S.(2000) 2.50 49 67 0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups multiple tasks Yes Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (O) −.28 99
3 El-Sheikh, M., Harger, J., & Whitson, S. (2001) 9.90 52 80 0 Community/Healthy negative emotion/stressor Yes Yes, actual measurement Externalizing (P)
Internalizing (P)		 −.30
−.34		 75
4 Whitson, S., & El-Sheikh. (2003) 7.00 48 91 0 Community/Healthy negative emotion/stressor No Yes, actual measurement Externalizing (P)
Internalizing (P)		 −.11
−.06		 64
5 Katz, L., & Gottman, J. (1997)) 4.50 57.00 96.00 3.00 Community/Healthy positive/reward task No Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (P)
Social Problems (P)
Cognitive/Academic (O)		 −.31
−.08
−.25		 56
6 Porges, S., Doussard-Roosevelt, J., Portales, L., & Greenspan, S. (1996) .67 50.00 100.00 2.25 Community/Healthy cognitive task No No information provided Externalizing (P)
Internalizing (P)
Social Problems (P)		 −.50
−.45
−.42		 24
7 Gottman, J., Katz, L., & Hooven, C. (1996) 5.00 43.00 100.00 3.00 Community/Healthy positive/reward task Yes No information provided Cognitive/Academic (O) −.18 56
8 Graziano, P., Keane, S., & Calkins, S. (2007) 5.50 46.00 67.00 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups multiple tasks Yes Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (M)
Social Problems (O)		 −.09
−.15		 341
9 Calkins, S., Graziano, P., & Keane, S. (2007) 5.50 47.00 67.00 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups multiple tasks No Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (P) −.11 335
10 Marcovitch, S., Leigh, J., Calkins, S., Leerks, E., O’Brien, M., & Blankson, N. (2010) 3.50 48.00 53.20 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups multiple tasks No No information provided Cognitive/Academic (O) −.07 220
11 Blair, C., & Peters, R. (2003) 4.75 45.00 69.00 .0 Clinic/At-Risk groups cognitive task No Yes, actual measurement Social Problems (T)
Cognitive/Academic (T)		 .40
−.21		 42
12 Gentzler, A., Santucci, A., Kovacs, M., & Fox, N. (2009) 7.93 54.00 56.90 1.50 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups negative emotion/stressor Yes Yes, via estimated norms Internalizing (M) −.36 65
13 Calkins, S., & Keane, S. (2004) 2.00 46.00 63.00 2.00 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups multiple tasks Yes Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (P) −.21 125
14 Boyce, T., Quas, J., Alkon, A., Smider, N., Essex, M., & Kupper, D. (2001) 6.50 40.00 100.00 .0 Community/Healthy multiple tasks No Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (M)
Internalizing (M)		 −.46
.07		 120
15 Quas, J., Carrick, N., Alkon, A., Goldstein, L., & Boyce, T. (2006) 6.30 55.00 52.00 .0 Community/Healthy negative emotion/stressor No Yes, via estimated norms Cognitive/Academic (O) −.02 106
16 Staton, L., El-Sheikh, M., & Buckhalt, J. (2009) 10.03 56.00 95.00 .0 Community/Healthy cognitive task Yes Yes, actual measurement Cognitive/Academic (O) −.24 41
17 Quas, J., Bauer, A., & Boyce, T. (2004) 5.16 54.00 71.00 .0 Community/Healthy multiple tasks No Yes, via estimated norms Cognitive/Academic (O) −.18 57
18 Obradovic, J., Bush, N., Stamperdahl, J., Adler, N., & Boyce, T. (2010) 5.32 52.00 43.00 .0 Community/Healthy multiple tasks Yes Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (P)
Social Problems (P)
Cognitive/Academic (O)		 −.10
.07
−.06		 338
19 Doussard-Roosevelt, J., Montgomery, L., & Porges, S. (2003) 5.60 60.00 43.00 .0 Community/Healthy negative emotion/stressor Yes Yes, via estimated norms Social Problems (O) −.40 30
20 Crowell, S., Beauchaine, T., McCauley, E., Smith, C., Stevens, A., & Sylvers, P. (2005) 15.30 .0 74.00 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups negative emotion/stressor No No information provided Internalizing (M) −.11 46
21 Leary, A., & Katz, L. (2004) 5.00 66.00 88.00 4.00 Community/Healthy social task No Yes, via estimated norms Social Problems (O) −.03 73
22 Hastings, P., Nuselovici, J., Utendale, W., Coutya, J., McShane, K., & Sullivan, C. (2008) 3.48 57.00 76.00 .83 Community/Healthy social task Yes Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (P)
Internalizing (P)		 −.21
−.21		 94
23 Schmidt, L., Fox, N., Schulkin, J., & Gold, P. (1999) 7.00 90.00 .0 Community/Healthy negative emotion/stressor No No information provided Internalizing (P) −.31 36
24 Hastings, P., Sullivan, C., McShane, K., Coplan, R., Utendale, W., & Vyncke, J. (2008) 3.50 46.00 74.00 .0 Community/Healthy cognitive task Yes Yes, via estimated norms Internalizing (P) .03 133
25 Scheeringa, M., Zeanah, C., Myers, L., & Putnam, F. (2004) 100.00 .0 Clinic/At-Risk groups cognitive task No Yes, via estimated norms Internalizing (P) −.12 124
26 Hinnant, B., & El-Sheikh, M. (2009) 8.68 44.00 69.00 2.00 Community/Healthy multiple tasks Yes Yes, actual measurement Externalizing (P)
Internalizing (P)		 −.09
.03		 176
27 El-Sheikh, M. (2001) 9.47 51.00 63.00 .0 Community/Healthy negative emotion/stressor Yes Yes, actual measurement Externalizing (M)
Internalizing (M)
Social Problems (O)		 −.03
−.07
.05		 216
28 El-Sheikh, M., Hinnant, B., & Erath, S. (2011) 8.23 49.00 64.00 3.00 Community/Healthy cognitive task No Yes, actual measurement Externalizing (P) −.09 251
29 Blair, C. (2003) 4.75 45.00 69.00 .0 Clinic/At-Risk groups cognitive task No Yes, actual measurement Social Problems (T)
Cognitive/Academic (O)		 .40
−.23		 42
30 Willemen, A., Schuengel, C., Koot, H. (2009) 13.57 100.00 100.00 .0 Clinic/At-Risk groups negative emotion/stressor No Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (M)
Internalizing (M)		 −.13
−.09		 99
31 Pearson, S., Alkon, A., Treadwell, M., Wolff, B., Quirolo, K., & Boyce, T. (2005) 7.40 47.00 100.00 .0 Clinic/At-Risk groups multiple tasks No Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (P)
Internalizing (P)		 −.19
−.34		 19
32 Keller, P., & El-Sheikh, M. (2009) 8.72 42.00 66.00 2.00 Community/Healthy multiple tasks Yes Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (P) −.09 54
33 Sijtsema, J., Shoulberg, E., Murray-Close, D. (2011) 12.47 .0 94.00 .0 Community/Healthy social task No Yes, via estimated norms Social Problems (M) −.12 119
34 Crowell, S., Beuchaine, T., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Sylvers, P., Mead, H., & Chipman-Chacon, J. (2006) 4.60 58.00 71.00 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups cognitive task No Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (P) .06 38
35 Shoulberg, E., Sijtsema, J., & Murray-Close, D. (2011) 12.43 .0 94.00 .0 Community/Healthy social task No Yes, via estimated norms Social Problems (M) −.12 119
36 Beauchaine, T., Katkin, E., Strassberg, Z., & Snarr, J. (2001) 13.40 100.00 100.00 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups social task No Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (P) −.33 59
37 Schmitz, J., Kramer, M., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Heinrichs, N., & Blechert, J. (2011) 10.00 54.00 100.00 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups social task No Yes, via estimated norms Internalizing (P) −.24 56
38 Musser, E., Backs, R., Schmitt, C., Ablow, J., Measelle, J., & Nigg, J. (2011) 8.00 48.00 66.67 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups negative emotion/stressor No Yes, actual measurement Externalizing (P) −.23 66
39 Erath, S., Tu, K., & El-Sheikh, M. (2011) 11.67 51.00 62.00 .0 Community/Healthy social task No No information provided Externalizing (M)
Internalizing (S)
Social Problems (M)		 .10
−.09
−.12		 63
40 Stifter, C., Corey, J. (2001) 1.00 48.50 91.80 .0 Community/Healthy cognitive task No Yes, via estimated norms Social Problems (O) −.32 136
41 Gazelle, H., & Druhen, M.(2009) 8.66 41.00 62.00 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups social task No Yes, via estimated norms Externalizing (O)
Internalizing (O)
Social Problems (O)		 −.07
.00
−.01		 154
42 Eisenberg, N., Sulik, M., Spinrad, T., Edwards, A., Eggum, N., Liew, J., et al. (2012) 1.48 55.80 84.00 3.00 Community/Healthy negative emotion/stressor Yes Yes, actual measurement Externalizing (M) .07 213
43 Liew, J., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T., Eggum, N., Haugen, R., Kupfer, A., et al. (2011) 1.48 55.80 84.00 1.00 Community/Healthy negative emotion/stressor Yes Yes, actual measurement Social Problems (O) −.20 216
44 Haley, D., Grunau, R., Weinberg, J., Keidar, A., & Oberlander, T. (Haley, Grunau, Weinberg, Keidar, & Oberlander, 2010) .50 47.76 80.00 .0 Community/Healthy vs. Clinic/At-Risk groups cognitive task No No information provided Cognitive/Academic (O) −.31 67

Note. (P) = Parent report, (T) = Teacher report, (S) = Self-report, (0) = observational or peer report, and (M) = Multiple reporters. Example of negative emotion/stressor tasks = Child hearing an argument, frustration task, watching a sad video. Example of cognitive tasks = memory, executive functioning, problem solving, bayley developmental test. Example of social tasks = peer provocation, peer interactions. Examples of positive tasks = game of peek-a-boo with a puppet; positive emotion-laden film clip.