Table 1.
Alphavirus-based vaccine development for viral targets.
| Virus | Target | Vector/Delivery | Immunization | Response | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BVDV | E2 | VEE/Particles | Calf | BVDV protection | [23] |
| NS3 (p80) | SFV/DNA | Mouse | CTL, CMI | [24] | |
| CMV | gB/pp65-1E1 | VEE/Particles | Human Phase I | Neutralizing Abs | [25] |
| CSFV | E2 | SFV/DNA | Swine | CSFV protection | [26] |
| Dengue | PrME, E85 | VEE/Particles | Macaque | Dengue protection | [27] |
| Ebola | NP | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Ebola protection | [21] |
| NP, GP | VEE/Particles | Guinea pig | Ebola protection | [22] | |
| VP24, 30, 35, 30 | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Ebola protection | [28] | |
| Hepatitis B | cAg | SIN/DNA | Mouse | Specific Abs | [29] |
| sAg | SIN/DNA | Mouse | Specific Abs | [29] | |
| Hepatitis C | cAg | SFV/Particles, DNA | Mouse | CTL | [30] |
| NS3 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Cellular | [31] | |
| nsPs | SFV/Particles | Mouse | CD8+ T-cell response | [32] | |
| HeV | Glycoprotein | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Neutralizing Abs | [33] |
| HIV-1 | Env | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Humoral | [17] |
| gp41 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Monoclonal Abs | [18] | |
| MA/CA | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Humoral, CTL | [19] | |
| HPV | 16E7 | SFV/DNA | Mouse | CTL | [34] |
| 16E7-VP22 | SIN/Particles | Mouse | CD8+ T-cell response | [35] | |
| HSV-1 | gpB | SIN/Particles | Mouse | HSV protection | [36] |
| gpB | SIN/DNA | Mouse | CTL, protection | [37] | |
| IBDV | VP2 | SFV/Particles, DNA | Chicken | Specific Abs | [38] |
| Influenza | HA | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Systemic response | [15] |
| HA | VEE/Particles | Chicken | Influenza protection | [16] | |
| HA | VEE/Particles | Swine | Influenza protection | [20] | |
| NP | SFV/Particles, RNA | Mouse | Humoral, CTL | [39] | |
| ISAV | HE | SAV/Particles | Salmon | ISAV protection | [40] |
| JEV | prM-E, NS1-2A | SIN/Particles | Mouse | JEV Abs | [41] |
| Lassa | N | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Immune response | [42] |
| LIV | prME | SFV/Particles | Mouse | LIV protection | [43] |
| prME, NS1 | SFV/Particles | Sheep | LIV protection | [44] | |
| MBGV | GP, NP, VP35 | VEE/Particles | Guinea pig | MBGV protection | [45] |
| GP, NP | VEE/Particles | Macaque | MBGV protection | [46] | |
| Measles | HA, FUd | SIN/DNA | Mouse | Measles protection | [47] |
| HA, FUd | SIN-VEE/Particles | Macaque | Measles protection | [48] | |
| MVE | prME, E | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Neutralizing Abs | [49] |
| NiV | Glycoproteins | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Neutralizing Abs | [33] |
| NLV | VLP | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Immune response | [50] |
| Rabies | G | SIN/DNA | Mouse | Rabies protection | [51] |
| RSV | F, G | SFV/DNA, RNA | Mouse | RSV protection | [52] |
| F, G | SFV/Particles | Mouse | RSV protection | [53] | |
| RVFV | Gn | VEE/Particles | Mouse | RVFV protection | [54] |
| SARS-CoV | Glycoprotein | VEE/Particles | Mouse | SARS-CoV protection | [55] |
| SEOV | M, S | SIN/Particles, DNA | Hamster | SEOV protection | [56] |
| SHIV | Env | SFV/Particles | Macaque | T-cell proliferative response | [57] |
| SUDV | GP | VEE/Particles | Primate | SUDV protection | [58] |
| Vaccinia | A33R, B5R | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Vaccinia protection | [59] |
Abbreviations: Abs, antibodies; BVDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus; CMI, cell-mediated immune response; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CSFV, classical swine fever virus; CTL, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBC, hepatitis C virus; HE, hemagglutinin-esterase; HeV, Hendra virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HPV, human papillomavirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IBDV, infectious bursal disease virus; ISAV, infectious salmon anemia virus; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; LIV, Louping-ill virus; MBGV, Marburg virus; MVE, Murray Valley encephalitis virus; NiV, Nipah virus; NLV, Norwalk-like virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; RVFV, Rift Valley fever virus; SARS‑CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus; SAV, salmon anemia virus; SEOV, Seoul virus; SFV, Semliki Forest virus; SHIV, simian-human immunodeficiency virus; SIN, Sindbis virus; SUDV, Sudan virus; VEE, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.