Table 3.
Alphavirus-based vaccine development for cancer targets.
| Target | Gene | Vector/Delivery | Immunization | Response | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain tumor | IL-12 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Immunogenicity | [77] |
| Endostatin | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Inhibited tumor growth | [78] | |
| LacZ | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Tumor protection | [79] | |
| gp100, IL-18 | SIN/DNA | Mouse | Tumor protection | [80] | |
| HER2/neu | SIN/DNA | Mouse | Tumor protection | [81] | |
| HER2/neu | SIN/DNA | Mouse | Tumor protection | [82] | |
| HER2/neu | SIN/DNA, paclitaxel | Mouse | Tumor regression | [83] | |
| Neu | VEE/Particles | Rat | Anti-tumor immunity | [84] | |
| Neu | VEE /Particles, DCs | Mouse | Tumor regression | [85] | |
| Cervical cancer | HPVE6-E7 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Tumor protection | [86] |
| HPVE6-E7 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Tumor regression | [87] | |
| HPV-CRT | SIN/Particles | Mouse | Tumor protection | [88] | |
| HPVE7 | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Tumor protection | [89] | |
| HPVE6E7+IL12 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Anti-tumor activity | [90] | |
| HPVE7-VP22 | SIN/Particles | Mouse | CD8+ T-cell response | [91] | |
| Colon cancer | SFV vector | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Anti-tumor effect | [92] |
| Endothelial | VEGFR-2 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Antibody response | [93] |
| Glioma | B16, 203 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Tumor protection | [94] |
| Kidney cancer | IL-12 | SFV/Encapsulated particles | Human Phase I | 5-fold IL-12 expression | [95] |
| Melanoma | MDA/trp-2 | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Therapeutic effect | [76] |
| IL-12 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Tumor eradication | [96] | |
| IL-12 | SFV/Encapsulated particles | Human Phase I | 5-fold IL-12 expression | [95] | |
| MUC18/MCAM | SIN/DNA | Mouse | Tumor protection | [97] | |
| Metastatic | CEA | VEE/Particles | Human Phase I | CEA Abs, extended survival | [98] |
| PSMA | VEE/Particles | Human Phase I | PSMA Abs | [99] | |
| Prostate cancer | PSMA | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Tumor response | [100] |
| STEAP | VEE/DNA | Mouse | Anti-tumor response | [101] | |
| PSCA | VEE/Particles | Mouse | Tumor protection | [102] | |
| Tumor | β-galactosidase | SFV/RNA | Mouse | Tumor protection | [74] |
| IL-12 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | Tumor protection | [103] | |
| Tumor antigen | MHC class II | SFV/Particles-DNA | Mouse | Immunogenicity | [104] |
| P815 | SFV/Particles | Mouse | CTL, tumor protection | [105] | |
| trp-1 | SIN/DNA | Mouse | Antitumor activity | [91] |
Abbreviations: CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CRT, calreticulin; CTL, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity; DCs, dendritic cells; HPV, human papillomavirus; IL, interleukin; MCAM, melanoma cell adhesion molecule; MDA, melanoma differentiation antigen; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; PSCA, prostate stem cell antigen; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; SFV, Semliki Forest virus; SIN, Sindbis virus; STEAP, six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate; trp, tyrosine-related protein; VEE, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.