Table 4.
Alphavirus-based vaccine development against alphaviruses.
| Virus | Gene | Vector Delivery | Immunization | Response | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHIK | TSI-GSD-218 | CHIK infection | Human Phase II | Neutralizing Abs | [115] |
| CHIK | Glycoprotein | CHIK infection | Macaques | Neutralizing Abs | [116] |
| CHIK | IRES | CHIK infection | Vero cells | Mosquito resistance | [117] |
| CHIK | C, E1 VLPs | CHIK infection | Primates | CHIK protection | [118] |
| CHIK | nsP3, E1 siRNA | CHIK infection | Vero cells | Reduced CHIK titer | [119] |
| CHIK | miRNAs | CHIK infection | Mouse | Reduced CHIK replication | [120] |
| EEE | EEE/WEE | EEE infection | Mouse | EEE protection | [114] |
| VEE | VEE att | VEE infection | Mouse | VEE protection | [112] |
| VEE | VEE V3526 | VEE infection | Mouse | VEE protection | [113] |
| VEE | VEE TC-83 | VEE infection | Mouse | VEE protection | [121] |
| VEE | 26S | VEE infection | Macaques | VEE protection | [122] |
| VEE | CHIK genes | Chimeric VEE-CHIK | Mosquito | Reduced infectivity | [123] |
| VEE | RdRp miRNA | VEE infection | BHK cells | Inhibition of VEE replication | [124] |
| WNV | WNV att | WNV Nanopatch | Mouse | Abs | [125] |
Abbreviations: Abs, antibodies; att, attenuated; C, capsid; CHIK, Chikungunya virus; EEE, Eastern equine encephalitis virus; miRNA, micro-RNA; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; SFV, Semliki Forest virus; SIN, Sindbis virus; siRNA, short interfering RNA; VEE, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; VLPs, virus-like particles; WNV, West Nile virus.