Figure 3.

Schematic overview of the role of decidual macrophages in pregnancy (A) and pre-eclampsia (B). During normal pregnancy, M2-like macrophages are present around spiral arteries and play a role in remodeling of these arteries by producing various factors associated with angiogenesis and tissue remodeling (such as MMP and VEGF). They also play a role in immunomodulation, for instance by producing IL-10. During pre-eclampsia, increased numbers of M1-like macrophages are found. They may produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-1β, or IL-18.