Table 3.
Excursion (mm), sarcomere length (Ls), relative tension and muscle force estimates as a function of joint angle in the (A) anterior temporalis, (B) middle temporalis and (C) posterior temporalis of Callithrix jacchus and Saguinus oedipus. The bottom panel provides P-values for two-way (species × joint angle) repeated-measures ANOVAs comparing C. jacchus and S. oedipus
| Joint angle | Excursion (mm) *, † | Relative tension (%) | |||||
| Ls | Active | Passive | Total | Muscle force (N) | |||
| (A) Anterior temporalis | |||||||
| C. jacchus | 0 | 0 | 1.59 | 47.21 | 0 | 47.21 | 5.63 |
| 5 | 0.53±0.13 | 1.66±0.01 | 59.02±2.31 | 0 | 59.02±2.31 | 7.04±0.27 | |
| 10 | 1.08±0.24 | 1.74±0.03 | 68.95±2.95 | 0 | 68.95±2.95 | 8.22±0.35 | |
| 15 | 1.64±0.33 | 1.81±0.04 | 74.83±2.27 | 0 | 74.83±2.27 | 8.92±0.27 | |
| 20 | 2.20±0.40 | 1.89±0.05 | 79.37±2.88 | 0 | 79.37±2.88 | 9.46±0.34 | |
| 25 | 2.78±0.46 | 1.97±0.06 | 83.99±3.42 | 0 | 83.99±3.42 | 10.02±0.41 | |
| 30 | 3.37±0.50 | 2.05±0.07 | 88.69±3.89 | 0 | 88.69±3.89 | 10.58±0.46 | |
| 35 | 3.50±0.40 | 2.13±0.07 | 93.01±3.87 | 0 | 93.01±3.87 | 11.09±0.46 | |
| 40 | 4.58±0.55 | 2.21±0.08 | 95.99±2.55 | 0 | 95.99±2.55 | 11.45±0.30 | |
| 45 | 5.21±0.55 | 2.30±0.08 | 98.72±1.28 | 0.04±0.04 | 98.76±1.31 | 11.78±0.16 | |
| 50 | 5.84±0.54 | 2.38±0.09 | 100.00±0.00 | 0.05±0.05 | 100.05±0.05 | 11.93±0.01 | |
| 55 | 6.49±0.53 | 2.47±0.09 | 98.38±1.62 | 0.11±0.06 | 98.49±1.57 | 11.75±0.19 | |
| S. oedipus | 0 | 0 | 1.77 | 72.35 | 0 | 72.35 | 13.02 |
| 5 | 0.59±0.13 | 1.90±0.03 | 80.27±1.96 | 0 | 80.27±1.96 | 14.45±0.35 | |
| 10 | 1.19±0.24 | 2.04±0.06 | 88.43±3.60 | 0 | 88.43±3.60 | 15.92±0.65 | |
| 15 | 1.81±0.33 | 2.19±0.08 | 95.14±3.67 | 0 | 95.14±3.67 | 17.13±0.66 | |
| 20 | 2.44±0.40 | 2.33±0.10 | 98.23±1.77 | 0.05±0.05 | 98.28±1.79 | 17.69±0.32 | |
| 25 | 3.10±0.46 | 2.48±0.11 | 98.07±1.93 | 0.12±0.06 | 98.19±1.88 | 17.67±0.34 | |
| 30 | 3.77±0.50 | 2.64±0.12 | 92.75±4.88 | 0.32±0.15 | 93.07±4.73 | 16.75±0.85 | |
| 35 | 4.45±0.40 | 2.79±0.12 | 85.74±7.82 | 0.82±0.47 | 86.56±7.38 | 15.58±1.33 | |
| 40 | 5.16±0.55 | 2.96±0.12 | 75.22±7.67 | 1.78±0.87 | 76.99±6.81 | 13.86±1.23 | |
| 45 | 5.88±0.55 | 3.12±0.11 | 64.30±7.05 | 3.75±1.51 | 68.05±5.59 | 12.25±1.01 | |
| 50 | 6.61±0.54 | 3.29±0.09 | 53.13±6.09 | 8.04±3.00 | 61.17±3.26 | 11.01±0.59 | |
| 55 | 7.37±0.53 | 3.47±0.07 | 41.70±4.81 | 18.81±6.18 | 60.51±1.74 | 10.89±0.31 | |
| ANOVA (P-values) | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 5 | 0.790 | 0.003 | 0.002 | NA | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
| 10 | 0.763 | 0.010 | 0.014 | NA | 0.014 | <0.001 | |
| 15 | 0.732 | 0.016 | 0.009 | NA | 0.009 | <0.001 | |
| 20 | 0.696 | 0.017 | 0.005 | 0.374 | 0.005 | <0.001 | |
| 25 | 0.656 | 0.015 | 0.023 | 0.134 | 0.022 | <0.001 | |
| 30 | 0.610 | 0.013 | 0.551 | 0.102 | 0.515 | 0.003 | |
| 35 | 0.166 | 0.009 | 0.451 | 0.159 | 0.482 | 0.033 | |
| 40 | 0.500 | 0.006 | 0.062 | 0.111 | 0.059 | 0.129 | |
| 45 | 0.437 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.070 | 0.006 | 0.667 | |
| 50 | 0.371 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.056 | <0.001 | 0.192 | |
| 55 | 0.306 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.039 | <0.001 | 0.079 | |
| (B) Middle temporalis | |||||||
| C. jacchus | 0 | 0 | 1.59 | 47.21 | 0 | 47.21 | 5.10 |
| 5 | 0.41±0.17 | 1.65±0.03 | 56.25±5.12 | 0 | 56.25±5.12 | 6.08±0.55 | |
| 10 | 0.85±0.31 | 1.71±0.06 | 62.88±6.35 | 0 | 62.88±6.35 | 6.79±0.69 | |
| 15 | 1.32±0.42 | 1.77±0.08 | 69.66±6.38 | 0 | 69.66±6.38 | 7.52±0.69 | |
| 20 | 1.83±0.51 | 1.84±0.10 | 75.53±6.28 | 0 | 75.53±6.28 | 8.16±0.68 | |
| 25 | 2.37±0.57 | 1.91±0.11 | 80.65±6.42 | 0 | 80.65±6.42 | 8.71±0.69 | |
| 30 | 2.93±0.62 | 1.99±0.12 | 85.19±6.92 | 0 | 85.19±6.92 | 9.20±0.75 | |
| 35 | 3.53±0.64 | 2.07±0.13 | 89.03±6.39 | 0 | 89.03±6.39 | 9.61±0.69 | |
| 40 | 4.17±0.66 | 2.16±0.13 | 92.60±5.53 | 0 | 92.60±5.53 | 10.00±0.60 | |
| 45 | 4.83±0.67 | 2.25±0.13 | 95.35±4.65 | 0.04±0.04 | 95.40±4.67 | 10.30±0.50 | |
| 50 | 5.53±0.70 | 2.34±0.13 | 96.92±3.08 | 0.09±0.04 | 97.01±3.12 | 10.48±0.34 | |
| 55 | 6.25±0.75 | 2.44±0.14 | 98.32±1.26 | 0.11±0.06 | 98.43±1.31 | 10.63±0.14 | |
| S. oedipus | 0 | 0 | 1.77 | 72.35 | 0 | 72.35 | 12.05 |
| 5 | 0.60±0.17 | 1.91±0.01 | 80.49±0.74 | 0 | 80.49±0.74 | 13.40±0.35 | |
| 10 | 1.21±0.31 | 2.05±0.02 | 88.79±1.25 | 0 | 88.79±1.25 | 14.78±0.65 | |
| 15 | 1.84±0.42 | 2.19±0.03 | 97.24±1.54 | 0 | 97.24±1.54 | 16.19±0.66 | |
| 20 | 2.47±0.51 | 2.34±0.03 | 100.00±0.00 | 0 | 100.00±0.00 | 16.65±0.32 | |
| (B) Middle temporalis | |||||||
| S. oedipus | 25 | 3.12±0.57 | 2.49±0.03 | 100.00±0.00 | 0.14±0.01 | 100.14±0.01 | 16.67±0.34 |
| 30 | 3.78±0.62 | 2.64±0.02 | 96.05±1.30 | 0.20±0.01 | 96.25±1.29 | 16.03±0.85 | |
| 35 | 4.45±0.64 | 2.79±0.01 | 85.90±0.94 | 0.44±0.06 | 86.34±0.88 | 14.38±1.33 | |
| 40 | 5.13±0.66 | 2.95±0.02 | 75.58±1.17 | 1.46±0.13 | 77.04±1.05 | 12.83±1.23 | |
| 45 | 5.83±0.67 | 3.11±0.03 | 65.09±2.16 | 2.97±0.44 | 68.06±1.72 | 11.33±1.01 | |
| 50 | 6.53±0.70 | 3.27±0.05 | 54.42±3.55 | 6.53±1.85 | 60.95±1.71 | 10.15±0.59 | |
| 55 | 7.25±0.75 | 3.44±0.08 | 43.58±5.25 | 17.46±8.40 | 61.04±3.15 | 10.16±0.31 | |
| ANOVA (P-values) | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 5 | 0.465 | 0.001 | 0.009 | NA | 0.009 | <0.001 | |
| 10 | 0.451 | 0.005 | 0.016 | NA | 0.016 | <0.001 | |
| 15 | 0.437 | 0.007 | 0.014 | NA | 0.014 | <0.001 | |
| 20 | 0.420 | 0.008 | 0.018 | NA | 0.018 | <0.001 | |
| 25 | 0.403 | 0.007 | 0.039 | <0.001 | 0.038 | <0.001 | |
| 30 | 0.386 | 0.005 | 0.198 | <0.001 | 0.191 | 0.001 | |
| 35 | 0.370 | 0.004 | 0.654 | 0.002 | 0.698 | 0.003 | |
| 40 | 0.357 | 0.003 | 0.040 | <0.001 | 0.051 | 0.010 | |
| 45 | 0.353 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.151 | |
| 50 | 0.366 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.025 | 0.001 | 0.498 | |
| 55 | 0.401 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.108 | <0.001 | 0.439 | |
| (C) Posterior temporalis | |||||||
| C. jacchus | 0 | 0 | 1.59 | 47.21 | 0 | 47.21 | 2.55 |
| 5 | 0.59±0.17 | 1.67±0.03 | 60.21±5.30 | 0 | 60.21±5.30 | 3.25±0.29 | |
| 10 | 1.15±0.32 | 1.75±0.06 | 67.49±6.99 | 0 | 67.49±6.99 | 3.65±0.38 | |
| 15 | 1.69±0.44 | 1.82±0.08 | 72.78±7.41 | 0 | 72.78±7.41 | 3.93±0.40 | |
| 20 | 2.21±0.54 | 1.89±0.10 | 78.08±7.40 | 0 | 78.08±7.40 | 4.22±0.40 | |
| 25 | 2.71±0.61 | 1.96±0.12 | 83.37±6.95 | 0 | 83.37±6.95 | 4.50±0.38 | |
| 30 | 3.18±0.67 | 2.02±0.13 | 87.14±7.54 | 0 | 87.14±7.54 | 4.71±0.41 | |
| 35 | 3.63±0.70 | 2.08±0.13 | 90.09±7.44 | 0 | 90.09±7.44 | 4.87±0.40 | |
| 40 | 4.05±0.71 | 2.14±0.13 | 92.32±6.79 | 0 | 92.32±6.79 | 4.99±0.37 | |
| 45 | 4.45±0.71 | 2.19±0.13 | 94.12±5.88 | 0 | 94.12±5.88 | 5.08±0.32 | |
| 50 | 4.83±0.69 | 2.25±0.12 | 95.42±4.58 | 0.04±0.04 | 95.47±4.61 | 5.16±0.25 | |
| 55 | 5.18±0.67 | 2.29±0.11 | 96.82±3.18 | 0.04±0.04 | 96.86±3.20 | 5.23±0.17 | |
| S. oedipus | 0 | 0 | 1.77 | 72.35 | 0 | 72.35 | 11.40 |
| 5 | 0.23±0.17 | 1.82±0.01 | 75.41±0.38 | 0 | 75.41±0.38 | 11.88±0.06 | |
| 10 | 0.48±0.32 | 1.88±0.01 | 78.83±0.58 | 0 | 78.83±0.58 | 12.42±0.09 | |
| 15 | 0.76±0.44 | 1.94±0.01 | 82.59±0.58 | 0 | 82.59±0.58 | 13.01±0.09 | |
| 20 | 1.06±0.54 | 2.01±0.01 | 86.71±0.39 | 0 | 86.71±0.39 | 13.66±0.06 | |
| 25 | 1.39±0.61 | 2.09±0.00 | 91.18±0.06 | 0 | 91.18±0.06 | 14.36±0.01 | |
| 30 | 1.75±0.67 | 2.17±0.01 | 96.00±0.58 | 0 | 96.00±0.58 | 15.12±0.09 | |
| 35 | 2.13±0.70 | 2.26±0.02 | 99.79±0.21 | 0 | 99.79±0.21 | 15.72±0.03 | |
| 40 | 2.54±0.71 | 2.35±0.04 | 100.00±0.00 | 0.04±0.04 | 100.04±0.04 | 15.76±0.01 | |
| 45 | 2.97±0.71 | 2.45±0.06 | 100.00±0.00 | 0.09±0.05 | 100.10±0.05 | 15.77±0.01 | |
| 50 | 3.43±0.69 | 2.56±0.08 | 96.92±3.08 | 0.18±0.05 | 97.10±3.03 | 15.29±0.48 | |
| 55 | 3.92±0.67 | 2.67±0.11 | 92.93±6.47 | 0.43±0.27 | 93.36±6.20 | 14.71±0.98 | |
| ANOVA (P-values) | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 5 | 0.208 | 0.010 | 0.046 | NA | 0.046 | <0.001 | |
| 10 | 0.207 | 0.096 | 0.181 | NA | 0.181 | <0.001 | |
| 15 | 0.206 | 0.218 | 0.257 | NA | 0.275 | <0.001 | |
| 20 | 0.205 | 0.298 | 0.309 | NA | 0.309 | <0.001 | |
| 25 | 0.205 | 0.324 | 0.324 | NA | 0.324 | <0.001 | |
| 30 | 0.204 | 0.306 | 0.306 | NA | 0.306 | <0.001 | |
| 35 | 0.205 | 0.260 | 0.262 | NA | 0.262 | <0.001 | |
| 40 | 0.208 | 0.202 | 0.321 | 0.374 | 0.319 | <0.001 | |
| 45 | 0.214 | 0.146 | 0.374 | 0.124 | 0.367 | <0.001 | |
| 50 | 0.227 | 0.101 | 0.799 | 0.086 | 0.780 | <0.001 | |
| 55 | 0.253 | 0.071 | 0.618 | 0.225 | 0.642 | 0.001 | |
*
Values are means ± s.e.m.
†
Bolded values indicate a significant species difference (P<0.05).
‘NA’ indicates no statistical test was applied on pre-determined values.