Table 3.
Multivariate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of KS risk factors among HIV-seropositive cases and HIV-seropostive controls, stratified by selected demographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors.
| Cases HIV-positive N (%) |
Controls HIV-positive N (%) |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Total N | 161 | 680 | |
| KSHV serostatusa | |||
| K8.1 positive | 154 (95.7) | 527 (77.5) | ---1 |
| Orf 73 positive | 145 (90.1) | 486 (71.5) | --- |
| Overall positiveb | 158 (98.1) | 550 (80.9) | 9.6 (2.9, 31.5)* |
| House has electricity | |||
| Yes | 146 (90.7) | 646 (95.0) | 1.0 |
| No | 15 (9.3) | 34 (5.0) | 1.9 (0.9, 4.5) |
| Participant sleeps under a mosquito net | |||
| Yes | 64 (40.0) | 344 (50.6) | 1.0 |
| No | 96 (60.0) | 336 (49.4) | 1.9 (1.2,2.9)* |
| Region of originc | --- | ||
| Ethnic group | |||
| Bantu | 108 (67.1) | 395 (58.1) | 1.5 (0.9,2.4) |
| Semi-bantu | 45 (28.0) | 255 (37.5) | 1.0 |
| Other | 8 (5.0) | 30 (4.4) | 3.1 (1.1,9.3)* |
| History of tobacco use | |||
| Yes | 50(31.1) | 167 (24.6) | 1.1 (0.7,1.9) |
| No | 111 (68.9) | 512 (75.4) | 1.0 |
| History of alcohol use | 161 | 680 | |
| Yes | 128 (79.5) | 479 (70.4) | 1.4 (0.8,2.5) |
| No | 33 (20.5) | 201 (29.6) | 1.0 |
| Color of soil where spent time as a child | |||
| Black | 30 (18.9) | 106 (15.8) | 1.5 (0.8,2.7) |
| Brown | 17 (10.7) | 94 (14.0) | 0.8 (0.4,1.6) |
| Red | 103 (64.8) | 437 (64.9) | 1.0 |
| White | 9 (5.7) | 36 (5.3) | 1.1 (.5,2.5) |
| As a child, how often did you play outside barefoot | |||
| Ever (Always/Most of the time/Often/Rarely) | 153 (96.8) | 637 (95.1) | 2.8 (0.8,10.4) |
| Never | 5 (3.2) | 33 (4.9) | 1.0 |
| Source of water - bathing | |||
| Private source | 58 (36.0) | 219 (32.2) | 1.0 |
| Communal source | 86 (53.4) | 386 (56.8) | 0.9 (0.6,1.5) |
| Surface water source | 17 (10.6) | 75 (11.0) | 0.7 (0.3,1.4) |
| No. of regular sexual partners (lifetime) | |||
| 0–1 | 49 (32.0) | 201 (31.4) | 1.0 |
| 2–3 | 36 (23.5) | 214 (33.4) | 0.8 (0.4,1.4) |
| 4+ | 68 (44.4) | 226 (35.3) | 1.1 (0.7,1.9) |
| History of condom used | --- | ||
| History of an STI | |||
| Yes | 108 (68.4) | 288 (57.8) | 1.2 (.8,1.9) |
| No | 50 (31.6) | 283 (42.2) | 1.0 |
| Received treatment from a traditional healer | |||
| Yes | 106 (65.8) | 304 (44.7) | 2.3 (1.5,3.7)* |
| No | 55 (34.2) | 376 (55.3) | 1.0 |
| History of transfusion | |||
| Yes | 46 (28.9) | 120 (17.8) | 2.4 (1.5,3.9)* |
| No | 113 (71.1) | 556 (82.2) | 1.0 |
| Family history of cancer | |||
| Yes | 37 (24.8) | 101 (15.3) | 1.9 (1.1,3.1)* |
| No | 112 (75.2) | 560 (84.7) | 1.0 |
| Origin of HIV exposure | |||
| Heterosexual sex | 87 (54.0) | 266 (39.3) | 1.5 (1.0,2.4)* |
| Other/Unknown | 74 (46.0) | 410 (60.7) | 1.0 |
| History of ARTe | --- | ||
| HIV Clinical Stage at the start of ARTe | --- | ||
| Duration of ARTe | --- |
p<.05
Referent group for KSHV serostatus is KSHV seronegative.
The multivariate model included only the variable for “overall” KSHV serostatus, for individuals who were positive for either K8.1 or Orf73 antigens.
Region of origin was not included in multivariate model because highly correlated with ethnic group.
History of condom use was not included in the multivariate model because only those who responded “yes” to any sexual activity in the last 12 months answered the question about frequency of condom use.
History of ART, HIV Clinical Stage at the start of ART, and duration of ART, were not included in the multivariate model due to unavailability of ART information for many participants.
KS = Kaposi’s Sarcoma
N = number
KSHV = Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus
Overall positive = Defined as having a positive test to either or both K8.1 and Orf73 ELISA tests.
STI = Sexually Transmitted Infection
HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus
ART = Anti-retroviral Therapy