Fig. 3.

Stress-strain curves for materials used in the models. a) Stress-strain curves along the fiber orientation plotted with the muscle fully active, illustrating the dominance of the muscle material properties in the fiber direction for these simulations. b) Stress-strain curves along the cross-fiber axis of the model in a passive muscle. c) Comparison of compressive behavior to experimental data (Bosboom et al., 2001) and van Loocke’s model (van Loocke et al., 2006). The shaded area represents the variation of stress-strain behaviors from experiment data and published material models.