Table 3.
Changes in aponeurosis separation (mm) during isometric contractions showing the effects of material properties and pennation angle. Two locations are shown, representing aponeurosis separation at one end of the muscle (top fiber) and the middle of the muscle (middle fiber). Since the models are symmetrical, fibers at the bottom of the muscle would behave in the same way as the top fibers.
| Change in aponeurosis separation (mm) |
Constant volume (hydrostatic fluid) |
Softer material |
Stiffer material |
Vertical reinforced material |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25° | top fiber | 1.3620 | 1.2546 | 0.8844 | 1.4370 |
| middle fiber | −2.4634 | −1.3379 | 0.6214 | −0.5302 | |
| 47° | top fiber | −1.9044 | −1.6639 | −1.1288 | −0.1428 |
| middle fiber | −2.4520 | −2.2764 | −1.5658 | −0.7374 | |