Figure 34.

Dynamic process of 2D crystal formation of annexin A5 captured by HS-AFM. The image at t = 0 s shows the lipid bilayer surface on which annexin A5 molecules are diffusing. The diffusion appeared as large noise. After a CaCl₂ solution was injected at t = 7 s, 2D crystals were formed through initial nucleation step, gradual assembling of nuclei, and rapid growth of crystal patches by the addition of molecules to the crystal edges. Scan area, 400 × 400 nm²; imaging rate, 1 fps.