TABLE III.

My List of Medical “Holy Grails” Entering the 1990s^a

	Small diameter vascular prostheses
	Synthetic leaflet heart valves
	Bioartificial internal organs (liver, pancreas, kidney, intestine)
	Artificial trachea, esophagus, larynx
	Cellular heart pacemaker
	Artificial cells
	Devices to reconstruct sections of the digestive tract
	Venous valves
	Ligament replacement devices
X	Devices to prevent surgical adhesions
X	Neuromuscular assist devices
X	Permanent cardiac assist devices
X	Fully functional artificial skin
X	Tissue adhesives, sealants
X	Cartilage (articular, meniscal, disc) regeneration techniques
X	Bone healing devices
X	Approaches to direct and control healing, growth, function of tissue
X	Artificial extracellular matrices
X	Artificial blood
X	Treatment to prevent infection, thrombosis
XX	Devices to treat cancer
XX	Percutaneous access, fixation devices
XX	Closed loop drug delivery devices
XX	Rectal, urinary function devices
XX	Artificial vision, hearing devices
XX	Nerve regeneration devices
XX	Electronic mind-body control
XX	Devices to treat chronic pain

^aRemoved from list due to progress from 1990 to 2000: (X) and from 2000 to present (XX).