Table 1.

Frailty Assessment Tools and Scoring Systems in Current Literature

Frailty Measure	Description	Clinical Outcome	Source
Frailty Phenotype	Weight loss, grip strength, exhaustion, low physical activity, 15 ft. walking speed	30d postoperative complications, institutionalization, length of stay	Makary et al. [10], Reveing et al. [14**]
Frailty Index/ Deficit Accumulation	30 to 70 measures of comorbidity, ADL, physical and neurological exam	Mortality, institutionalization	Mitnitski et al.[28], Rockwood et al. [29]
Modified Frailty Index	History of diabetes; COPD or pneumonia; congestive heart failure; myocardial infarction; angina/PCI; hypertension requiring medication; peripheral vascular disease; dementia; TIA or CVA; CVA with neurological deficit; ADL	30d, 1yr and 2yr mortality, 30d major postoperative complications	Adams et al. [25*], Farhat et al. [30**], Karam et al. [31*], Obeid et al. [32*], Patel et al. [23*], Tsiouris et al. [22*], Velanovich et al. [33*]
Gait Speed	5 meter gait ≥6secs	Mortality, major postoperative complications, institutionalization, length of stay	Afilalo et al. [34]
Timed Up and Go	TUG ≤10secs, 11-14secs, ≥15secs	1yr mortality	Robinson et al. [35**]
Falls	6-mo hx of falls	30d major postoperative complications, institutionalization, 30d readmission	Jones et al. [36**]
Robinson	Katz Score, Mini Cog, Charlson Index, Anemia <35%, Albumin <3.4, hx of falls	30d major postoperative complications, length of stay, 30d readmission, 6mo postoperative mortality	Robinson et al. [13**, 16]

Notes: ADL (activities of daily living), Cog (cognition), COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), CVA (cerebrovascular accident), d (days), mo (months), PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention), TIA (transient ischemic attack), TUG (Timed Up and Go), yr (year)