Systemic estradiol (E2) does not increase in βERKO mice during DI. E2 concentrations in peripheral blood samples collected during all stages of the estrous cycle at different times before dark (D) as indicated on the x-axis. ** P < 0.01 compared to WT by t-tests; P-values are two sided. Sample sizes: MET (WT, n = 9; βERKO, n = 6), DI D − 5 h (WT, n = 8; βERKO, n = 8), PRO D − 12 h (WT, n = 7; βERKO, n = 6), PRO D − 9 h (WT, n = 9; βERKO, n = 7), PRO D − 5 h (WT, n = 8; βERKO, n = 8), E D− 12 h (WT, n = 7; βERKO, n = 4).