Effect of alcohol and betaine on proinflammatory and liver injury markers. Six rats per group were pair fed their respective HFC, HFE, and HFEB liquid diets for 8 weeks, after which they were sacrificed and plasma adiponectin (A), liver IL-6 (B), liver TNFα (C), and plasma ALT (D) were measured, as described in Materials and Methods. The data are expressed as means ± SD in each group. Statistical significance of variance was calculated using the Tukey's test: ∗∗P < 0.01 versus HFC, ††P < 0.01 versus HFE.