Table 1.
Context for meditation studies – place and person.
| Study | Place |
Person |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original culture | Transposed tradition | Secular adaptation | Novice (<1 year) | STM (1–5 year) | LTM (5–20 year) | Adv (>20 year) | |
| Das and Gastaut (17) | Yoga – India | 7 | |||||
| Wenger and Bagchi (16) | Yoga – India | 14 | |||||
| Anand (18) | Yoga – India | 6 | |||||
| Kasamatsu and Hirai (19) | Zen – Japan | 20 | 12 | 16 | |||
| Wallace (20) | TM – USA | 15 | |||||
| Banquet (21) | TM – USA | 12 | |||||
| Pagano and Frumkin (22) | TM – USA | 5 | |||||
| Ghista et al. (23) | Ananda Marga – India | 4 | |||||
| Bennett and Trinder (24) | TM – USA | 16 | |||||
| Hebert and Lehmann (25) | TM – Switzerland | 78 | |||||
| Morse et al. (3) | Mantra (TM), hypnosis, relaxation – USA | 12 | |||||
| Fenwick et al. (26) | TM – USA | 2 | |||||
| Elson et al. (27) | Ananda Marga – USA | 11 | |||||
| Corby et al. (28) | Ananda Marga – USA | 20 | |||||
| Lehrer et al. (29) | CSM, PR – USA | 10 | |||||
| Stigsby et al. (30) | TM – Denmark | 14 | |||||
| Becker and Shapiro (31) | TM, Zen, Yoga – USA | 10 Zen, | Yoga, TM | ||||
| Dillbeck and Bronson (32) | TM – USA | 15 | |||||
| Farrow and Hebert (33) | TM – USA | 28 | |||||
| Badawi et al. (34) | TM – USA | 54 | |||||
| Zhang et al. (35) | Qigong – China | 7 | |||||
| Gaylord et al. (36) | TM, PR – USA | 25 TM, 29PR | |||||
| Benson et al. (37) | Tibetan Buddhist – India | 2 | |||||
| Pan et al. (38) | Qigong – China | 50 | |||||
| Travis and Wallace (39) | TM – USA | 20 | |||||
| Dunn et al. (40) | Concentration vs. Mindfulness – USA | 10 | |||||
| Kamei (41) | Yoga – Japan | 8 | |||||
| Khare and Nigam (42) | Yoga, TM – India | 30 | |||||
| Arambula et al. (43) | Kundalini Yoga – Japan | 1 | |||||
| Litscher et al. (44) | Qigong (Austria) | 2 | |||||
| Travis (45) | TM – USA | 30 | |||||
| Lehmann et al. (46) | Tibetan Buddhist (Switzerland) | 1 | |||||
| Ott (10) | Yoga, TM – Germany | 8 TM, 2 Yoga | |||||
| Aftanas and Golocheikine (47), Aftanas and Golocheikine (48, 49) | Sahaja Yoga – Russia | 11 | 16 | ||||
| Lo et al. (50) | Zen – Taiwan | 2 | |||||
| Lutz et al. (51) | Tibetan Buddhist (USA) | 8 | |||||
| Faber (52) | Zen (Switzerland) | 1 | |||||
| Murata et al. (53) | Zen Susoku (Japan) | 22 | |||||
| Takahashi et al. (54) | Zen Susoku (Japan) | 20 | |||||
| Hebert et al. (55) | TM – USA | 15 | |||||
| Chan et al. (56) | TBRT – Hong Kong | 19 | |||||
| Beauregard and Paquette (57) | Christian – Canada | 18 | |||||
| Huang and Lo (58) | Zen – Taiwan | 23 | |||||
| Lagopoulos et al. (59) | Non-directive meditation (Australia) | ||||||
| Cahn et al. (60) | Vipassana – USA | 16 | |||||
| Lehmann et al. (61) | Tibetan Buddhist, Qigong, Sahaja Yoga, Ananda Marga, Zen | ||||||
| Travis (62) | TM – USA | 26 | |||||
CSM, clinically standardized meditation; PR, progressive relaxation; SRM, self-regulation method; AT, autogenic training; RR, relaxation response, TBRT, triarchic body-pathway relaxation technique.