Kasamatsu and Hirai (19) Japan |
Zen |
Zazen |
Open |
NR |
“Concentration without tension” “special state of consciousness” |
Informal |
Bursts in advanced |
Power increase freq decrease |
Not measured? |
Not measured? |
|
Ghista et al. (23) India |
Ananda Marga |
“Intuitional practice” |
Closed |
Chakra, personal mantra |
“Distinct from mental concentration” |
No |
Power increase |
Power increase freq decrease |
Not measured |
Not measured |
|
Elson et al. (27) USA |
Ananda Marga |
|
Closed |
Personal mantra |
“Mental withdrawal and concentration” |
No |
Power increase in advanced |
Power increase |
Not measured |
Not measured |
|
Corby et al. (28) USA |
Ananda Marga |
Tantric yoga |
Closed |
Personal mantra, with breath |
“Intense concentration of attention” |
Meditation quality rating |
Power increase with proficiency |
Some power increase |
Not measured |
Not measured |
|
Pan et al. (38) China |
Qigong |
Concentrative |
Closed |
Attention on breath or body sensation |
Thinking regulation |
No |
Frontal power increase |
Power increase |
NR |
Not measured |
|
Kamei (41) Japan |
Yoga |
SoHam, preceded by asana, pranayama |
Closed |
Breath, mantra |
NR |
No |
Not reported |
Power increase in most S’s |
Not reported |
Not reported |
|
Lehmann et al. (46) Switzerland |
Diamond Way Buddhist |
Buddhist |
Half closed |
Visualization |
Subjectively different meditations |
Informal |
Not measured |
Not measured |
Not measured |
Right posterior |
|
|
|
|
Mantra |
|
|
|
|
|
Left central |
|
|
|
|
Self |
|
|
|
|
|
Right anterior |
|
Lo et al. (50) Taiwan |
Zen |
Inner light |
Closed |
Zen and third eye chakra |
Perception of “inner light” |
Signaling of “inner light” |
Not reported |
Power increase in early meditation |
Occurrence on perception of “inner light” |
Not reported |
|
Kubota et al. (66) Japan |
Zen |
Susoku |
Open |
Counting breath |
“Concentrated but relaxed” |
Signaling of count |
Some frontal found |
Occipital – no difference |
Not measured |
Not measured |
|
Murata et al. (53) Japan |
Zen |
Susoku |
Open, lying down |
Counting breath |
“Concentrating the mind” |
Signaling of count |
No difference |
Frontal coherence increase |
No difference |
Not measured |
|
Takahashi et al. (54) Japan |
Zen |
Susoku |
Open |
Counting breath |
“Concentrating the mind” |
Signaling of count |
Frontal power increase |
Central power increase |
No difference |
Not measured |
|
Huang and Lo (58) Taiwan |
Zen |
|
Closed |
Zen chakra |
“Samadhi” |
Post-session questionnaire |
|
Increase at start |
Increased with meditation concentration |
Not measured |