Table 4.

Studies using transcendental meditation.

Study	Practice				Phenomenology		Psychophysiology – EEG bands
	Practice	Description	Eyes	Focus	Description	Subjective report	θ (4–8 Hz)	α (8–12 Hz)	β (13–30 Hz)	γ (30–50 Hz)
Banquet (21)	TM	Mantra	Closed	Internal	Relaxed attention	Push-button code for five psychological states	Second stage: bursts or trains	First stage: power increase, frequency decrease	Third stage: rhythmic waves correlated with “deep meditation”	Not reported
Hebert and Lehmann (25)	TM	Mantra	Closed	Internal	“No concentration”	Subjective state reported when theta bursts observed	Frontal bursts correlated with “drifting”	Background activity	Occasional	Not reported
Morse et al. (3)	TM, hypnosis, relaxation	TM mantra or “one”	Closed	Internal	“Let mind drift”	States compared	Not reported	All states produced increased power, negative correlation with “depth”	Not reported	Not reported
Travis (45)	TM	Not described	Closed	Internal	“Transcending” or “mental and physical activity”	Post-session report at bell ring 5 min intervals as “transcending” or “other”	Not reported	Higher amplitude and coherence with “transcending”	Not reported	Not reported
Hebert et al. (55)	TM	Not described	Closed	Internal	“Restful alertness”	Not obtained	Not reported	Anterior-posterior phase synchrony	Not reported	Not reported
Travis (62)	TM, TM-Siddhi	TM: mantra, general description of TM-Siddhi	Closed	Internal	Not obtained	Not obtained	Not reported	Stronger sources of alpha1 in TM-Siddhi compared to TM	Not reported	Not reported