| (3) | Trivial verification of 1st premise by: | |
| (a) | Modus p→q | ¬p: Then verification of 2nd premise is impossible |
| Ponens: p | q: Then conclusion is already known: inference trivial | |
| q | ||
| (b) | Modus p→q | q: Then verification of 2nd premise is impossible |
| Tollens: ¬q | ¬p: Then conclusion is already known: inference trivial | |
| ¬p |
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