(a) Untreated naive Ig, Ig treated with β-ME and Ig treated with β-ME and protein A to enrich the Ig chains containing the Fc region. (b) Human serum, HeLa cells and XG6 cells were untreated, treated with β-ME, or with protein A plus β-ME. Protein A pulled down a 25-kDa κ-chain and a 40-kDa α-chain. β-ME, β-mercaptoethanol; Ig, immunoglobulin.