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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014 Jun;16(6):437. doi: 10.1007/s11906-014-0437-9

Table 5. Plants, preparations used and the sources of THM.

Study Plants Preparations Sources
Amira 2007 Native herbs, ginger, garlic, bitter leaf (vernonia amygdalina), aloe vera NR NR
Olisa 2009 Azadirachta indica, allium sativa, aloe vera, tamarindus indica, hyenia thebacia, ocimum basil, carica papaya, adamsonia digitata, gacinia kola, zingiber officinalis, hymenocardia acida, melia azederach, mannix, cymbopogon, piliostigma reticulatum, adeola herbal mixture, Keys herbal mixture, herbal viagra, cassia alata, jatropha curcas, ximenis americana, moringa oleifera, kalms, true man's capsule, and garlic

  1. Preformulated from herb sellers.

  2. Extracts that needed to be dissolved in water, lime juice, or corn pap.

  3. Steam inhalation.

  4. Single herbs.

  5. Mixtures of herbs.

 Open markets, friends, traditional healing homes, pharmacies and buses
Osamor 2010 Herbs, garlic NR Traditional healers and spiritual pharmacies
Peltzer 2004 NR NR Traditional healers and faith healers

Key: THM: Traditional herbal medicine. HTN: Hypertension. NR: Not reported.