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Model outline. Interleukin-1R (IL-1R) modulation, regulated by local IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and anakinra, affects β-cell apoptosis and replication, β-cell insulin secretion capacity, and the PI/I secretion ratio (red dashed lines). Glucose affects insulin and proinsulin secretion, the PI/I secretion ratio, and HbA1c production (blue dashed lines). Proinsulin and insulin affects glucose clearance (blue dashed lines). PI/I, proinsulin/insulin.
