Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristic | No Warfarin at Discharge (n = 2049) | Warfarin at Discharge (n = 537) | Standardized Difference, % | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 80.0 (7.4) | 78.1 (6.9) | 26.7 | <0.001 |
| Male, No. (%) | 1100 (53.7) | 295 (54.9) | 2.5 | 0.61 |
| Race, No. (%) | 7.4 | 0.33 | ||
| Black | 168 (8.2) | 36 (6.7) | ||
| White | 1754 (85.6) | 473 (88.1) | ||
| Other/unknown | 127 (6.2) | 28 (5.2) | ||
| Medical history, No. (%) | ||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 656 (32.0) | 164 (30.5) | 3.2 | 0.51 |
| Chronic renal insufficiency | 756 (36.9) | 185 (34.5) | 5.1 | 0.29 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1526 (74.5) | 392 (73.0) | 3.4 | 0.49 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 785 (38.3) | 192 (35.8) | 5.3 | 0.28 |
| Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia | 881 (43.0) | 227 (42.3) | 1.5 | 0.76 |
| Hypertension | 1465 (71.5) | 356 (66.3) | 11.3 | 0.02 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 391 (19.1) | 88 (16.4) | 7.1 | 0.15 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 816 (39.8) | 193 (35.9) | 8.0 | 0.10 |
| Stroke or transient ischemic attack | 385 (18.8) | 83 (15.5) | 8.9 | 0.07 |
| CHADS2 score, No. (%) | ||||
| 1 | 70 (3.4) | 36 (6.7) | 15.0 | <0.001 |
| 2 | 447 (21.8) | 154 (28.7) | 15.8 | <0.001 |
| 3 | 862 (42.1) | 199 (37.1) | 10.3 | 0.04 |
| 4 | 373 (18.2) | 82 (15.3) | 7.9 | 0.11 |
| 5 | 212 (10.3) | 45 (8.4) | 6.8 | 0.18 |
| 6 | 85 (4.1) | 21 (3.9) | 1.2 | 0.81 |
| ≥2 | 1979 (96.6) | 501 (93.3) | 15.0 | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc score, No. (%) | ||||
| 2 | 28 (1.4) | 12 (2.2) | 6.5 | 0.15 |
| 3 | 162 (7.9) | 71 (13.2) | 17.4 | <0.001 |
| 4 | 460 (22.4) | 142 (26.4) | 9.3 | 0.05 |
| 5 | 618 (30.2) | 148 (27.6) | 5.7 | 0.24 |
| 6 | 438 (21.4) | 91 (16.9) | 11.3 | 0.02 |
| 7 | 219 (10.7) | 43 (8.0) | 9.2 | 0.07 |
| 8 | 108 (5.3) | 24 (4.5) | 3.7 | 0.45 |
| 9 | 16 (0.8) | —a | 3.5 | 0.45 |
| ≥3 | 2021 (98.6) | 525 (97.8) | 6.5 | 0.15 |
| Initial evaluation, No. (%) | ||||
| Dyspnea | 1827 (89.2) | 471 (87.7) | 4.6 | 0.34 |
| Ejection fraction | 25.5 | <0.001 | ||
| Normal or slightly impaired (>40%) | 622 (30.4) | 140 (26.1) | ||
| Moderately impaired (26%–40%) | 481 (23.5) | 140 (26.1) | ||
| Severely impaired (≤25%) | 598 (29.2) | 202 (37.6) | ||
| Missing | 348 (17.0) | 55 (10.2) | ||
| Fatigue | 654 (31.9) | 180 (33.5) | 3.4 | 0.48 |
| Pulmonary edema | 1708 (83.4) | 420 (78.2) | 13.1 | 0.005 |
| Rales | 1375 (67.1) | 312 (58.1) | 18.7 | <0.001 |
| Initial vital signs, No. (%) | ||||
| Pulse | 19.4 | <0.001 | ||
| <80 bpm | 1165 (56.9) | 266 (49.5) | ||
| 80–100 bpm | 644 (31.4) | 174 (32.4) | ||
| >100 bpm | 240 (11.7) | 97 (18.1) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure | 10.9 | 0.08 | ||
| <110 mm Hg | 355 (17.3) | 113 (21.0) | ||
| 110–150 mm Hg | 1122 (54.8) | 293 (54.6) | ||
| >150 mm Hg | 572 (27.9) | 131 (24.4) | ||
| Laboratory test results | ||||
| Serum creatinine | 6.5 | 0.42 | ||
| <1.5 mg/dL | 1031 (50.3) | 282 (52.5) | ||
| 1.5–2.0 mg/dL | 617 (30.1) | 146 (27.2) | ||
| >2.0 mg/dL | 401 (19.6) | 109 (20.3) | ||
| Serum sodium | 10.0 | 0.11 | ||
| <135 mEq/L | 369 (18.0) | 118 (22.0) | ||
| 135–145 mEq/L | 1631 (79.6) | 406 (75.6) | ||
| >145 mEq/L | 49 (2.4) | 13 (2.4) | ||
| Hemoglobin | 12.2 | 0.05 | ||
| <9 g/dL | 74 (3.6) | 18 (3.4) | ||
| 9–11 g/dL | 489 (23.9) | 102 (19.0) | ||
| >11 g/dL | 1486 (72.5) | 417 (77.7) | ||
| Discharge medications, No. (%) | ||||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 1247 (60.9) | 349 (65.0) | 8.6 | 0.08 |
| Aspirin | 1215 (59.3) | 216 (40.2) | 38.9 | < 0.001 |
| β‐Blocker | 1336 (65.2) | 361 (67.2) | 4.3 | 0.38 |
| Clopidogrel | 449 (21.9) | 37 (6.9) | 43.8 | <0.001 |
| Diuretic | 1610 (78.6) | 420 (78.2) | 0.9 | 0.86 |
| Lipid‐lowering agent | 741 (36.2) | 213 (39.7) | 7.2 | 0.13 |
| Length of stay | ||||
| Length of stay, mean (SD), d | 4.8 (3.6) | 6.3 (4.7) | 35.9 | <0.001 |
| Length of stay >7 days, No. (%) | 295 (14.4) | 153 (28.5) | 34.9 | <0.001 |
| Device type, No. (%) | ||||
| Pacemaker | 1360 (66.4) | 336 (62.6) | 8.0 | 0.10 |
| CRT‐D | 110 (5.4) | 45 (8.4) | 11.9 | 0.009 |
| CRT‐P | 169 (8.2) | 46 (8.6) | 1.1 | 0.81 |
| ICD | 410 (20.0) | 110 (20.5) | 1.2 | 0.81 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker, CRT‐D, cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; CRT‐P, cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; SD, standard deviation.
a
Cells with ≤10 observations are not shown.