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ER stress-induced ROS production in the cell. ROS are usually generated by cellular processes, including oxidative protein folding and mitochondrial respiration, which can be augmented to disrupt cell function and survival during ER stress. See “Cross-talk between ER stress and oxidative stress in apoptosis” for details. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars
