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. 2014 Mar 12;7:104. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-104

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Copyright © 2014 Waite et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Effects of preening and immune defenses on fly survival by sex. Both female (A) and male (B) flies were significantly affected by preening defense (see text for statistics). However, only female flies (C) were affected by host immune defense over the course of 5 weeks; male flies (D) did not differ significantly (see text).