Facial profile preferences, self-awareness and perception among groups of people in the United Arab Emirates

Abstract

Objectives:

The objective of this study is to assess the differences in facial profile preference among different layers of people in the United Arab Emirates. Facial profile self-awareness among the different groups was also evaluated.

Materials and Methods:

A total sample of 222 participants (mean [standard deviation] age = 25.71 [8.3] years, almost 80% of the participants were of Arab origin and 55% were males); consisting of 60 laypersons, 60 dental students, 60 general practitioners, 16 oral surgeons, and 26 orthodontists. Facial profile photographs of a male and female adult with straight profiles and a Class I skeletal relationship were used as a baseline template. Computerized photographic image modification was carried out on the templates to obtain seven different facial profile silhouettes for each gender. To assess differences in facial profile perception, participants were asked to rank the profiles of each gender on a scale from most to least attractive (1 [highest score] and 7 [least score]). Awareness and satisfaction with the facial appearance on a profile view was assessed using questionnaires completed by the non-expert groups.

Results:

The straight facial profile was perceived to be highly attractive by all five groups. The least attractive profiles were the bimaxillary protrusion and the mandibular retrusion for the male and the female profiles, respectively. Lip protrusion was more esthetically acceptable in females. Significant differences in perception existed among groups. The female profile esthetic perception was highly correlated between the expert groups (P > 0.05). Overall agreement between the non-expert group's perceptions of their own profiles and evaluation by the expert orthodontist was 51% (κ = 0.089). Candidates who perceived themselves as having a Class III facial profile were the least satisfied with their profile.

Conclusions:

Dental professionals, dental students, and laypersons had a similar perception trends in female and male aesthetic preference. Laypersons were more tolerant to profiles with bi-maxillary retrusion. The expert group's esthetic perception was highly correlated only for the female profiles. Most of the non-experts were unable to correctly identify their facial profile.

INTRODUCTION

Despite the similarities, human faces differ, but beauty and harmony remain among the most desired facial characteristics humans seek and long for. Recent studies show that the face plays a key role in the human social interactions.[1] It is therefore of no surprise that people with attractive faces tending to be more socially successful and amiable in life.

The facial profile is an important factor when determining facial attractiveness. Orthodontists assess the facial profile to clinically judge the facial harmony of orthodontic patients; but how aware are the public of their facial profiles? Moreover, do patient's views and expectations of facial attractiveness coincide with professionals’ opinions? The evaluation of facial aesthetics or attractiveness is mainly subjective and interpretation of previous subjective reports, similar to other orthodontic subject matters that used subjective measurements,[2] can be challenging. Apparently, angle admitted that no measurement can be universally applied to estimate the harmony and disharmony of other faces.[3] Research has shown that laypersons range of acceptable facial profiles is wider than that of the professional groups.[4] Yet, they were only substantially more sensitive to the vertical changes in facial heights.[5]

The profile analysis is important as it can be used as a basis for orthodontic treatment need.[6] Studies conducted to determine facial profile preferences in the public showed that ethnicity had a strong influence on judging facial attractiveness.[7] From an Asian perspective, facial profiles with mandibular retrognathism are both socially and esthetically acceptable.[8] Yet, the same profile is regarded unattractive by the white race.[9] Several studies have demonstrated the main reason for seeking orthognathic surgery is esthetic improvement and suggested that esthetic orthognathic surgeries; which can greatly change the facial profile appearance, should be based on ethnic preferences on facial esthetics.[10] Factors such as age and gender were found to be insignificant predictors in most studies, although psychological changes with aging may affect ones perception.[11] A recent study also reported significant differences in perception related to gender.[12]

Within the face, lies a highly influential feature of facial attractiveness; the lips.[13] Protrusive dentofacial patterns with fuller lips were found to be more appealing, especially in females.[14]

Psychological benefits of orthodontic treatment, done to improve appearance, revolve around gaining a more positive self-image and more favorable responses in future interpersonal situations,[15] which can be only achieved if the patient is satisfied after the treatment. Facial profile self-awareness can raise the orthodontic patient's post-treatment satisfaction. This is because their decisions during the treatment plan will also be influenced by their own perceptions once they have become aware of their profiles, hence reaching better satisfaction and indeed a more positive self-image. Hershon and Giddon[16] reported that candidate's dissatisfaction with their profiles was related to their perceived amount of lip protrusion, which demonstrates the profile self-perception influence on the satisfaction.

It has been reported that about half the population cannot characterize their own profiles, and that the educational level was a strong perception-affecting factor.[17] Insightful relations include that of the perceived profile versus the amount of self-satisfaction. Johnston et al.[18] reported that although Class III patients were more concerned and aware of their profile appearance, yet the likelihood to undergo facial profile changes was more evident in the Class II profile patients.

The aim of this study was to determine differences in facial profile preferences among orthodontists, oral surgeons, general practitioners, dental students, and laypersons. It was also aimed at finding levels of the facial profile self-awareness among the non-expert groups.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was divided into two parts; the first part was aimed at finding differences in the perception of male and female facial profile esthetics. The study sample (n = 222) comprised of expert and non-expert groups. As Table 1 shows, the sample consisted of 60 laypersons, 60 dental students, 60 general practitioners of which 30 were male and 30 were female, 26 orthodontists and 16 oral surgeons. The mean (standard deviation) age of the study participants was 25.71 (8.3) years. Almost 80% of the participants were of Arab origin and 55% were male participants.

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of the study participants

Assessment of Facial Profile Preferences

Image preparation

Profile photographs of a young male and female adults with straight and harmonious facial profile contours, a Class I skeletal relationship and normal cephalometric values; were taken using an Olympus digital camera (SLR E-500, 8.0 Mpx); to be used as baseline templates for profile silhouettes generation. Adobe Photoshop software (CS4 extended version 11.0, Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) was used to manipulate the templates and generate silhouettes mimicking the existing maxillary and mandibular growth variations. It would be of importance to note that vertical proportions were normally maintained in all images and each image horizontal manipulation did not exceed a single jaw or bi-maxillary dental constituent.

Six profile images were generated from each original template. Figure 1 shows the manipulated profile images included in the study to assess profile perception of study participants. No extreme manipulations were done; thus maintaining more realistic soft tissue facial profiles. The profiles were arranged in a single row; side-by-side, for each gender, for evaluation at the same session; hence allowing fair comparisons to be made. Moreover, profile images order of arrangement for each gender was different to avoid pattern detection.

Figure 1.

Facial profile silhouettes with varying manipulated anteroposterior skeletal relationships. (1) M6 and F5 representing the straight profile with no manipulations, (2) M3 and F2 representing the profile with a retruded maxilla, in which the sole change made was the posterior positioning of the maxilla, (3) M5 and F1 representing mandibular retrognathism through posterior positioning of the mandible, (4) M1 and F4 representing mandibular prognathism; with the anterior advancement of the mandible, (5) M2 and F6 representing protrusive maxilla with anterior advancement of the maxilla, (6) M7 and F3 representing the bimaxillary protrusion, in which both the upper and lower alveolar segments were advanced with slight lips protrusion, (7) M4 and F7 representing the bimaxillary retrusion in which both alveolar segments were posteriorly positioned to mimic a flatter profile

Assessment of manipulated image attractiveness and the intra-raters’ reliability test

Participants were asked to rank the profile silhouettes in order from the most attractive to the least attractive, assigning a value of 1 to the profile considered “most attractive,” ascending to a value of 7 for the profile considered “least attractive.” Questions were allocated to collect data on the most influential facial feature in the overall ranking, age, gender and race which may be possible perception influencing factors. In order to check the profile ranking scores reliability, 20 participants from each non-expert group were asked to re-rank the images; 2 weeks after the distribution of the questionnaire for the 1^st time. The intra-raters’ reliability was acceptable overall, with an interclass correlation coefficient of 0.911 and 0.779 for the least attractive female and male profile images.

Assessment of Facial Profile Self-Awareness

The second part of the study was aimed at finding levels of the facial profile self-awareness and satisfaction; among the three non-expert groups, who participated in the first part of the study. The baseline templates were used to generate images of the three ultimate facial profile types, i.e., straight, convex and concave [Figure 2]. The color threshold of the images was adjusted to get black images; allowing the participants to focus on the profiles outline alone, then they were asked to choose, from among various silhouettes the one that they thought most resembled their own profile. Facial profile photographs of the participants were taken to be evaluated by an expert orthodontist; to determine whether the subjects were accurate in describing their profile based on the silhouettes provided on the questionnaire.

Figure 2.

Facial profile types, i.e., straight, convex, concave

Statistical Analysis

The ranking order of the profile images was changed in to rank scores to allow proper statistical analysis to be made, which were all done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Differences in the profile image ratings among the different experimental groups and pairwise comparisons between the experimental groups were done using the Kruskul-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. Fisher's exact test was used to detect significant differences in the selection of the most influential facial feature. The kappa's coefficient was used to test the agreement between the candidate's and the orthodontist's profile choices. The relation between the perceived profiles versus the satisfaction rate was analyzed using Kruskul-Wallis test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Facial Profile Preferences

Table 2 shows the mean rank scores assigned to each of the male facial profile types. The attractiveness score of the male profile ranged between 1 (highest score) and 7 (least score). The straight and the bi-maxillary protrusion were chosen as the most and the least attractive profiles, respectively, by all the non-expert groups. On the other hand, orthodontist's and oral surgeon's least attractive profiles were the mandibular prognathism and retrognathism, respectively. Pairwise comparisons between orthodontists and the other groups, along with details of significant differences are highlighted in Table 3. Laypersons ranked the bi-maxillary protrusion marginally worse than did the orthodontists; who seemed to be more worried about the protruded chin position. In addition, mandibular retrognathism was perceived to be less appealing by all groups when compared to orthodontists, who found the flatter profile to be significantly less attractive, than did all the other groups did.

Table 2.

Comparisons between the mean rank scores assigned by different groups to each of the male facial profile types (lower scores represent greater preferences)

Table 3.

Pairwise comparisons between the ratings of orthodontists versus the ratings of all other groups for all profile types (Mann-Whitney U-test)

Table 4 also shows the mean rank scores for the female profile images. All groups ranked the straight profile as the most attractive. Although the mandibular retrognathism was the overall least attractive profile, orthodontists and dental students chose the flatter profile to be the least pleasing for a female. Results of pairwise comparisons between orthodontists and the other groups are shown in Table 3. The mean rank score given by orthodontists to the mandibular prognathism; was about 1 rank score lower than laypersons. Clearly, no significant differences existed among the expert groups, when rating female profile images. Most differences existed between orthodontists and general practitioners.

Table 4.

Comparisons between the mean rank scores assigned by different groups to each of the female facial profile types (lower scores represent greater preferences)

Significant differences existed when comparing the laypersons most influential facial feature versus other groups (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.05); for more clarification, Figure 3 shows that most participants chose the chin, except the laypersons group who thought the nose was the most influential part in determining facial profile attractiveness. No significant differences related to age, gender and race were detected.

Figure 3.

Most influential facial feature (%)

Facial Profile Self-Awareness

Table 5 shows that among the three real profile types, most candidates perceived the straight profile as their true profile; when many of them were actually in the convex and the concave divisions. These low levels of self-awareness have been demonstrated more clearly by the low overall κ value (0.089) or level of agreement between the orthodontist and the non-expert groups. In spite of that, general practitioners were still the most conscious of their profile types. Based on their perceived facial profile types, results showed that candidates with a concave profile were the least satisfied [Table 5]. In addition, significant differences in satisfaction rates were found between the straight profile versus both the convex and concave. Yet, none existed between the convex and the concave facial profiles [Table 6].

Table 5.

Candidate's profile choices versus real profile and satisfaction

Table 6.

Candidate's profile choices (satisfaction level comparison)

When the three participant groups were asked if they were willing to undergo facial profile changes; there were no statistically significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). Therefore, the educational background had no significant effect on the candidate's choice in this part of the study; hence, comparisons between the groups were only based on the perceived profile.

Figure 4 shows that individuals who thought they had a convex or a concave profile, were more willing to change their facial profile features; to look more attractive.

Figure 4.

Profile type versus facial changes willingness

DISCUSSION

Facial Profile Preferences

Orthodontic treatment is ideally aimed at attaining a nearly straight facial profile, translating to a facial profile angle of 169°.[18] This treatment intention is further validated by the similarity of perception in our findings; which suggest that both male and female straight profiles were regarded as the most attractive profiles; among both the expert and non-expert groups. Mantzikoz et al.[19] also reproduced similar as the most attractive profiles; among both the expert and non-expert groups. Mantzikos.[19] also reproduced similar findings. Nevertheless, orthodontists still gave higher-ranking scores to the straight profile; than did laypersons. This can be attributed to the influence the educational background can have on a person's perception. Similar patterns of ranking were observed in studies of Soh et al.[20] and Chung et al.,[21] confirming that educational background influences the aesthetic ranking.

Our results confirm that laypersons find a female profile with a retruded chin position very unattractive, whereas orthodontists thought the profile with protruded chin was the least appealing. In both cases, the chin seemed to be the influencing facial feature in their choice, as they have ranked profiles with manipulations done in the mandible; less attractive compared with their complements with maxillary manipulations. These findings are suggest that when judging facial attractiveness, the mandibular position seems to be more critical than the maxilla; implying that in cases where double jaw malocclusions exist, more consideration could be taken when correcting the mandibular discrepancy to attain a more patient pleasing result.

The male profile with a bi-maxillary protrusion was perceived to be the least attractive by all the non-expert groups. Yet, the same profile was slightly more tolerated; by the same group, when comparing the female profiles. These findings suggest that in an Arab community, a protrusive dentofacial pattern; with protrusive lips is more esthetically acceptable in women. This can be further related to study approaches that dealt specifically with the lip protrusion effect on facial attractiveness; in which similar findings existed.[22] An insightful clinical inference here is that when treating orthodontic patients, it seems more acceptable to leave a female patient with more lip protrusion, than a male equivalent. Further, orthognathic surgeries leading to flatter profiles should be planned carefully.

Both expert groups in the study shared similar perception on female profile attractiveness, with no significant differences in the ranking scores. This was not the case for the male profiles; as oral surgeons were significantly less tolerant to retruded chin in males. This variation suggests that a surgical orthodontic treatment plan might require greater consideration and weighing up.

Facial Profile Self-Awareness

Although one would expect general practitioners and dental students to be significantly more aware of their facial profiles than laypersons; yet, our study reports findings similar to Phillips et al.,[23] and shows that candidates were overall not aware of their profiles. The candidates who perceived themselves as having a Class III (concave) facial profile were the least satisfied about their facial profile. This finding is supported by Gerzanic et al.[24] Contrary to this, Phillips et al.[23] suggested that Class II patients were the least satisfied among all. These differences can be attributed to the sample size, which if was larger would yield to more people of the sample falling into each of the profile types, hence achieving more accurate representation of the population according to the profile type.

The average age in our study was 25.71 years and retrospective studies on orthognathic surgeries, such as the Ong's study,[25] have shown the age range of patients seeking orthognathic surgery was between 17 and 35 and the major reason for seeking such treatment was esthetics; bearing in mind the vast potential for facial profile change associated with orthognathic surgeries. This could mean that, when studying facial profile preferences and self-awareness, targeting the young adult age groups; who seem to be more willing to change their facial profile appearance through orthognathic surgery can be more insightful. This is because implementing the young patient's facial profile preferences in the treatment plan of surgical orthodontic procedures can help in achieving more patient satisfaction hence more successful outcomes.

One of the limitations of the study is that the sample did not include orthodontic patients or orthognathic surgery patients. It would be clinically interesting to investigate whether orthognathic surgery candidates in the United Arab Emirates, as well as orthodontic patients, share a similar esthetic perception to the groups investigated in this study. Furthermore, facial profile self-awareness seems to be quite important in these kinds of patients, since their facial profile appearance could be changed drastically; by these treatments.

This study on facial profile preferences was limited to the antero-posterior manipulations of the facial profile silhouettes. Although this limitation was critical in influencing the perception of facial esthetics, one study suggested that orthodontists were less sensitive to large vertical changes, compared with laypeople.[5] Further studies can be done to test the group's responses to vertical changes as well.

CONCLUSIONS

The straight facial profile was perceived to be highly attractive by both expert and non-expert groups. Male facial profiles with bi-maxillary protrusion and a female profile with retruded mandible were considered the least attractive. Lip protrusion was more aesthetically acceptable in females. The female profile esthetic perception was highly correlated between the expert groups.

The chin played the most important role in judgment of facial attractiveness by all groups; except for the laypeople; who considered the nose as more influential. Subjects were generally unable to characterize their own profile. Yet candidates with a background of dental education were slightly more self-conscious. Candidates who perceived themselves as having a Class III facial profile were the least satisfied with their profile. Yet, both concave and convex profile patients were more willing to change their facial appearance, compared with Class I profile candidates.