Table 1.

Characteristics of study participants.

Characteristics	GDM (N = 25)	Controls (N = 25)	p-Value
Maternal age (years)	34.2 ± 4.2	34.2 ± 3.4	0.97
Maternal age (years)
<35	10 (40.0)	14 (56.0)	0.26
≥35	15 (60.0)	11 (44.0)
Non-Hispanic White	18 (72.0)	24 (96.0)	0.05
Single marital status	3 (12.0)	0 (0.0)	–
Nulliparous	12 (48.0)	12 (48.0)	1.00
Smoked during pregnancy	1 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	–
Family history of hypertension	19 (76.0)	13 (52.0)	0.14
Family history of diabetes	9 (36.0)	2 (8.0)	0.04
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	27.0 ± 5.7	22.9 ± 3.8	0.005
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
<18.5	0 (0.0)	1 (4.0)	0.002
18.5–24.9	9 (36.0)	20 (80.0)
25.0–29.9	13 (52.0)	3 (12.0)
≥30.0	3 (12.0)	1 (4.0)
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)	38.8 ± 1.2	38.9 ± 1.1	0.63
Infant birthweight (grams)	4191 ± 217	3321 ± 277	<0.001
Gestational age @ urine collection (weeks)	16.6 ± 1.2	17.2 ± 2.0	0.17
Maternal mean plasma glucose concentrations after a 50-g glucose challenge (mg/dl)	158.9 ± 24.2	95.3 ± 12.7	<0.001
1st Trimester systolic BP (mm Hg)	113.4 ± 8.5	112.4 ± 11.4	0.73
1st Trimester diastolic BP (mm Hg)	69.9 ± 6.4	68.0 ± 6.3	0.28
1st Trimester mean arterial BP (mm Hg)	84.4 ± 5.8	82.8 ± 7.6	0.40
2nd Trimester systolic BP (mm Hg)	114.9 ± 7.2	112.8 ± 8.1	0.34
2nd Trimester diastolic BP (mm Hg)	68.4 ± 4.8	67.2 ± 4.4	0.35
2nd Trimester mean arterial BP (mm Hg)	83.9 ± 4.8	82.3 ± 5.1	0.25
Total energy intake (kcal)	1934 ± 686	1960 ± 638	0.89
Calories from carbohydrate (%)	49.5 ± 9.2	53.5 ± 7.8	0.12
Calories from protein (%)	18.8 ± 3.7	16.8 ± 2.2	0.03
Calories from total fat (%)	33.8 ± 6.6	32.1 ± 6.8	0.37

Data in mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number (%).

p-Value from Student t test for continuous variable and Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.

24 GDM cases and 23 controls had dietary macronutrients intake information in early pregnancy.