Table 3.
The Relationship of Changes in Covariates to One-, Three-, and Four-Week Changes in Retinal Vessel Measurements.
| One-week change | Three-week change | Four-week change | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| In covariate | In vessel measurement | In covariate | In vessel measurement | In covariate | In vessel measurement | |||||||
|
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| Covariate | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | P |
|
|
|
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| CRAE | ||||||||||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | −0.05 (15.01) | 0.41 | −3.64 (14.85) | 0.91 | −3.69 (14.99) | 0.82 | ||||||
| Decreased >10 | 17 | 2.23 (5.53) | 19 | 1.77 (7.07) | 20 | 2.25 (6.91) | ||||||
| Within 10 | 31 | 0.66 (8.69) | 33 | 1.06 (6.39) | 33 | 1.73 (9.15) | ||||||
| Increased >10 | 15 | −0.15 (4.70) | 11 | 0.89 (6.03) | 10 | 3.22 (5.88) | ||||||
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | −0.59 (6.43) | 0.75 | −1.21 (6.66) | 0.07 | −1.79 (7.67) | 0.41 | ||||||
| Decreased >5 | 13 | 1.60 (5.09) | 14 | 1.11 (7.09) | 16 | 4.49 (8.28) | ||||||
| Within 5 | 38 | 0.38 (8.01) | 40 | 2.54 (5.54) | 39 | 1.33 (7.66) | ||||||
| Increased >5 | 12 | 1.73 (6.08) | 9 | −4.30 (6.95) | 8 | 1.31 (8.73) | ||||||
| MABP, mmHg | −0.41 (8.23) | 0.13 | −2.02 (8.30) | 0.27 | −2.43 (9.05) | 0.65 | ||||||
| Decreased >5 | 19 | 2.29 (5.35) | 19 | 1.63 (6.33) | 24 | 2.06 (8.12) | ||||||
| Within 5 | 33 | 0.81 (8.59) | 30 | 2.26 (5.91) | 29 | 1.65 (8.65) | ||||||
| Increased >5 | 11 | −1.30 (3.80) | 14 | −1.47 (7.38) | 10 | 3.71 (5.49) | ||||||
| Intraocular pressure, mmHg | −0.24 (2.64) | 0.85 | 0.13 (2.29) | 0.53 | −0.11 (2.72) | 0.41 | ||||||
| Decreased >1 | 17 | 1.50 (5.87) | 12 | 2.42 (4.82) | 18 | 0.72 (8.57) | ||||||
| Within 1 | 34 | 0.41 (7.55) | 37 | 0.69 (6.69) | 31 | 2.10 (7.83) | ||||||
| Increased >1 | 11 | 1.08 (8.09) | 13 | 2.44 (6.96) | 13 | 4.57 (7.53) | ||||||
| Blood oxygen level, % | 0.49 (1.32) | 0.39 | 0.16 (1.48) | 0.16 | 0.65 (1.37) | 0.37 | ||||||
| Decreased >0.5 | 9 | −1.74 (10.69) | 16 | 2.05 (5.91) | 9 | 0.06 (4.72) | ||||||
| Within 0.5 | 30 | 2.18 (7.57) | 24 | −0.73 (6.45) | 28 | 2.06 (9.96) | ||||||
| Increased >0.5 | 24 | 0.27 (4.25) | 23 | 2.74 (6.54) | 26 | 2.93 (6.33) | ||||||
| Mean pupil diameter, mm | −0.04 (0.46) | 0.63 | 0.13 (0.30) | 0.19 | 0.09 (0.42) | 0.44 | ||||||
| Decreased >0.25 | 12 | −0.27 (11.33) | 5 | −2.13 (4.95) | 9 | 1.32 (3.96) | ||||||
| Within 0.25 | 42 | 1.39 (6.19) | 41 | 2.17 (6.50) | 35 | 1.48 (9.25) | ||||||
| Increased >0.25 | 9 | 0.08 (3.45) | 17 | 0.01 (6.48) | 19 | 3.71 (6.72) | ||||||
| Time since last eating, hours | 0.02 (4.67) | 0.99 | −0.54 (5.46) | 0.46 | −0.52 (4.75) | 0.32 | ||||||
| >1 sooner | 11 | 1.16 (8.80) | 12 | 0.37 (5.98) | 12 | 0.63 (6.40) | ||||||
| Within 1 | 41 | 0.84 (7.49) | 40 | 0.92 (6.60) | 42 | 2.96 (8.95) | ||||||
| >1 later | 11 | 0.80 (3.04) | 11 | 3.38 (6.51) | 9 | 0.28 (3.41) | ||||||
| Image focus | 0.26 | 0.62 | 0.04 | |||||||||
| Worsened | 13 | 2.98 (5.34) | 11 | 2.40 (5.81) | 15 | 2.10 (5.47) | ||||||
| Same | 41 | 0.67 (7.66) | 40 | 1.44 (5.99) | 37 | 3.87 (8.40) | ||||||
| Improved | 9 | −1.13 (6.42) | 12 | −0.48 (8.46) | 11 | −3.67 (6.85) | ||||||
| Time of day examined | 0.36 | 0.74 | 0.71 | |||||||||
| Earlier | 4 | 0.78 (5.85) | 5 | 2.33 (5.28) | 4 | 2.89 (8.94) | ||||||
| Same | 56 | 1.05 (7.36) | 55 | 1.25 (6.63) | 57 | 2.03 (8.08) | ||||||
| Later | 3 | −1.96 (1.89) | 3 | −0.62 (6.22) | 2 | 3.55 (2.21) | ||||||
| Antihypertensive medication use | NA | 0.31 | 0.34 | |||||||||
| Stayed the same | 63 | 0.89 (7.09) | 62 | 1.39 (6.39) | 62 | 2.09 (8.00) | ||||||
| Changed | 0 | NA (NA) | 1 | −8.05 (NA) | 1 | 4.98 (NA) | ||||||
| Last antihypertensive medication use | 0.22 | 0.62 | 0.89 | |||||||||
| Sooner | 5 | 4.78 (5.38) | 4 | −1.95 (8.41) | 3 | 2.55 (2.24) | ||||||
| Same | 56 | 0.46 (7.25) | 54 | 1.28 (6.06) | 58 | 2.13 (8.26) | ||||||
| Later | 2 | 3.17 (3.10) | 5 | 3.43 (9.38) | 2 | 1.50 (3.65) | ||||||
| Amount of time since last exercising | 0.16 | 0.90 | 0.20 | |||||||||
| Less | 10 | 0.36 (3.69) | 7 | 0.66 (10.76) | 11 | 1.06 (3.51) | ||||||
| Same | 42 | 2.19 (6.21) | 46 | 1.46 (6.01) | 39 | 3.48 (8.25) | ||||||
| More | 11 | −3.61 (10.54) | 10 | 0.67 (5.26) | 13 | −0.99 (9.08) | ||||||
| Amount of time since last consuming caffeine | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.15 | |||||||||
| Less | 8 | 3.79 (8.46) | 7 | −1.23 (4.08) | 8 | 1.38 (11.91) | ||||||
| Same | 45 | 0.10 (7.15) | 48 | 1.73 (6.43) | 44 | 1.07 (6.60) | ||||||
| More | 10 | 2.14 (5.26) | 8 | 0.49 (8.28) | 11 | 6.94 (8.61) | ||||||
| One-week change | Three-week change | Four-week change | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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| In risk | In vessel measurement | In risk | In vessel measurement | In risk | In vessel measurement | |||||||
|
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| Covariate | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | P |
|
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| CRVE | ||||||||||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | −0.05 (15.01) | 0.19 | −3.64 (14.85) | 0.42 | −3.69 (14.99) | 0.75 | ||||||
| Decreased >10 | 17 | 1.43 (10.97) | 19 | 3.89 (8.21) | 20 | 1.46 (9.80) | ||||||
| Within 10 | 31 | −2.79 (9.58) | 33 | 1.89 (10.37) | 33 | −0.66 (11.29) | ||||||
| Increased >10 | 15 | −4.81 (7.80) | 11 | 0.06 (7.63) | 10 | −0.50 (10.67) | ||||||
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | −0.59 (6.43) | 0.55 | −1.21 (6.66) | 0.74 | −1.79 (7.67) | 0.46 | ||||||
| Decreased >5 | 13 | 0.43 (10.45) | 14 | 0.94 (9.40) | 16 | −0.57 (10.93) | ||||||
| Within 5 | 38 | −2.39 (9.04) | 40 | 2.83 (9.62) | 39 | −0.33 (11.26) | ||||||
| Increased >5 | 12 | −4.09 (11.28) | 9 | 1.17 (8.21) | 8 | 3.09 (6.46) | ||||||
| MABP, mmHg | −0.41 (8.23) | 0.13 | −2.02 (8.30) | 0.35 | −2.43 (9.05) | 0.97 | ||||||
| Decreased >5 | 19 | 1.78 (10.61) | 19 | 3.30 (8.88) | 24 | −0.29 (11.35) | ||||||
| Within 5 | 33 | −3.30 (8.60) | 30 | 2.70 (10.36) | 29 | 0.11 (10.29) | ||||||
| Increased >5 | 11 | −5.40 (10.11) | 14 | −0.47 (7.22) | 10 | 0.64 (10.85) | ||||||
| Intraocular pressure, mmHg | −0.24 (2.64) | 0.35 | 0.13 (2.29) | 0.77 | −0.11 (2.72) | 0.02 | ||||||
| Decreased >1 | 17 | −5.13 (9.42) | 12 | 4.07 (11.16) | 18 | −2.52 (10.82) | ||||||
| Within 1 | 34 | −0.98 (10.13) | 37 | 1.68 (9.24) | 31 | −1.58 (10.16) | ||||||
| Increased >1 | 11 | −1.97 (8.75) | 13 | 2.70 (7.74) | 13 | 7.55 (8.98) | ||||||
| Blood oxygen level, % | 0.49 (1.32) | 0.13 | 0.16 (1.48) | 0.28 | 0.65 (1.37) | 0.10 | ||||||
| Decreased >0.5 | 9 | −3.70 (12.94) | 16 | 3.89 (11.75) | 9 | 1.59 (8.87) | ||||||
| Within 0.5 | 30 | 0.33 (8.57) | 24 | 3.16 (9.39) | 28 | 2.76 (9.75) | ||||||
| Increased >0.5 | 24 | −4.62 (9.43) | 23 | −0.05 (6.94) | 26 | −3.43 (11.40) | ||||||
| Mean pupil diameter, mm | −0.04 (0.46) | 0.23 | 0.13 (0.30) | 0.42 | 0.09 (0.42) | 0.50 | ||||||
| Decreased >0.25 | 12 | −5.30 (8.83) | 5 | 5.23 (10.54) | 9 | 2.99 (8.72) | ||||||
| Within 0.25 | 42 | −0.67 (9.25) | 41 | 1.11 (9.77) | 35 | −1.05 (11.50) | ||||||
| Increased >0.25 | 9 | −4.72 (12.41) | 17 | 3.85 (7.66) | 19 | 0.66 (9.89) | ||||||
| Time since last eating, hours | 0.02 (4.67) | 0.88 | −0.54 (5.46) | 0.58 | −0.52 (4.75) | 0.32 | ||||||
| >1 sooner | 11 | −3.38 (9.78) | 12 | 0.06 (11.01) | 12 | −5.38 (14.58) | ||||||
| Within 1 | 41 | −2.04 (9.27) | 40 | 3.15 (7.84) | 42 | 1.49 (9.16) | ||||||
| >1 later | 11 | −1.24 (12.01) | 11 | 0.93 (12.27) | 9 | 0.51 (9.77) | ||||||
| Image focus | 0.33 | 0.97 | 0.33 | |||||||||
| Worsened | 13 | −2.23 (8.37) | 11 | 2.58 (13.20) | 15 | −1.53 (12.09) | ||||||
| Same | 41 | 0.90 (9.29) | 40 | 2.24 (7.78) | 37 | 1.75 (9.15) | ||||||
| Improved | 9 | −7.61 (12.46) | 12 | 1.59 (10.59) | 11 | −3.56 (12.80) | ||||||
| Time of day examined | 0.14 | 0.52 | 0.18 | |||||||||
| Earlier | 4 | 1.90 (7.09) | 5 | 7.08 (10.04) | 4 | 3.06 (5.42) | ||||||
| Same | 56 | −2.03 (9.98) | 55 | 1.80 (9.14) | 57 | −0.78 (10.50) | ||||||
| Later | 3 | −9.37 (3.06) | 3 | 0.77 (12.08) | 2 | 17.53 (6.67) | ||||||
| Antihypertensive medication use | 0.32 | 0.32 | ||||||||||
| Stayed the same | 63 | −2.13 (9.73) | 62 | 2.10 (9.34) | 62 | −0.05 (10.68) | ||||||
| Changed | 0 | NA (NA) | 1 | 7.03 (NA) | 1 | 5.48 (NA) | ||||||
| Last antihypertensive medication use | 0.21 | 0.44 | 0.64 | |||||||||
| Sooner | 5 | 3.49 (11.73) | 4 | 4.09 (7.96) | 3 | 0.41 (4.39) | ||||||
| Same | 56 | −2.77 (9.63) | 54 | 2.56 (9.23) | 58 | 0.22 (10.91) | ||||||
| Later | 2 | 1.76 (1.36) | 5 | −3.48 (10.64) | 2 | −5.77 (9.71) | ||||||
| Amount of time since last exercising | 0.42 | 0.66 | 0.55 | |||||||||
| Less | 10 | 0.97 (8.45) | 7 | 2.55 (9.13) | 11 | −2.19 (6.93) | ||||||
| Same | 42 | −2.34 (9.84) | 46 | 2.56 (9.78) | 39 | 0.79 (10.89) | ||||||
| More | 11 | −4.17 (10.55) | 10 | 0.15 (7.38) | 13 | −0.30 (12.66) | ||||||
| Amount of time since last consuming caffeine | 0.80 | 0.54 | 0.39 | |||||||||
| Less | 8 | −2.92 (9.65) | 7 | −0.28 (11.54) | 8 | 2.64 (9.14) | ||||||
| Same | 45 | −2.37 (9.96) | 48 | 2.21 (9.54) | 44 | −1.09 (11.04) | ||||||
| More | 10 | −0.41 (9.50) | 8 | 4.12 (5.22) | 11 | 2.67 (9.87) | ||||||
BP, blood pressure; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; MABP, mean arterial blood pressure; NA, not applicable; P, P value; SD, standard deviation.