. 2014 Jun 27;10:1462–1470. doi: 10.3762/bjoc.10.150

Table 1.

Optimisation studies^a.



Entry	Catalyst	Ligand	Base	Yield 3^b(%)

1	Pd(PPh₃)₄	–	Na₂CO₃	57
2	Pd(PPh₃)₄	–	K₂CO₃	34
3	Pd(PPh₃)₄	–	KOt-Bu	19^c
4	Pd(PPh₃)₄	P(o-furyl)₃	Na₂CO₃	66
5	Pd(PPh₃)₄	dppe	Na₂CO₃	70
6	Pd₂dba₃·CHCl₃	–	Na₂CO₃	85
7	Pd₂dba₃·CHCl₃	P(o-furyl)₃	Na₂CO₃	82
8	Pd₂dba₃·CHCl₃	dppe	Na₂CO₃	88
9	Pd₂dba₃·CHCl₃	dppe	Na₂CO₃	80^d
10	Pd₂dba₃·CHCl₃	dppe	Na₂CO₃	84^e
11	Pd₂dba₃·CHCl₃	dppe	Na₂CO₃	43^f
12	–	–	Na₂CO₃	65
13	Pd₂dba₃·CHCl₃	dppe	–	trace
14	Pd₂dba₃·CHCl₃	dppe	Na₂CO₃	78^g

^aReaction conditions: 1a (1.0 equiv), 2a (1.1 equiv), catalyst (5 mol %), ligand (10 mol %), base (2.0 equiv), dioxane (2 mL), 50 °C, 10 h. ^bIsolated yield. ^cDimerisation product 4 was formed in 27% yield.^dCH₃CN instead of dioxane. ^eTHF instead of dioxane. ^frt, 24 h. ^g1 mol % of Pd₂dba₃·CHCl₃, 5 mol % of dppe.