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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2014 May 28;75(6):864–875. doi: 10.1002/ana.24147

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Exposure of astrocytes to albumin is associated with Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Analysis of p-Smad1/5/8 and p-Smad2/3 levels 4 and 24 hours post exposure to albumin (Alb) in neurons (A) and astrocytes (B), reveals a robust increase in astrocytic p-Smad2/3 4 hours after treatment. The ALK1 and ALK5 receptor agonists, Bmp6 and TGF-β1, served as positive controls. (C) A time course experiment demonstrating a gradual increase in p-Smad2/3 levels following exposure to albumin prevented using the TGF-βR antagonists, SB431542 (SB) or SJN2511 (SJN). Note that fatty acid free albumin (Pure alb) still elicited an increase in p-Smad2/3 levels. *p≤0.05.