Table 2. General differences between vascular tumors and malformations.

Vascular tumors / IH

Vascular malformations

Proliferative  30% visible at birth  70% become apparent during the first few weeks of life  F to M ratio 3:1 (only IH)  Rapid postnatal growth followed by slow involution (excluding CH)  Endothelial cell proliferation  Increased mast cells  No coagulation abnormalities (excluding TA and KHE)  High percentage respond dramatically to corticosteroids in 2–3 weeks  Immunopositive for biologic markers (GLUT 1: only IH)

Congenital abnormality with proportional growth  No gender preference  May expand secondary sepsis, trauma, or hormonal chances  Normal endothelial cell turnover  Normal mast cell count  Do not involute  Localized consumptive coagulopathy possible  Slow-flow: phleboliths, ectatic channels  Fast-flow: enlarged, tortuous vessels with AV shunting  No response to corticosteroids or antiangiogenic agents  Immunonegative for hemangioma biologic markers

Abbreviations: CH, congestive heart failure; F, female; IH, infantile hemangiomas; KHE, kaposiform hemangioendothelioma; M, male; TA, tufted angioma.