Fig. 3.

Lethal effects of crude oil alone, dispersant alone and dispersant-treated crude oil on copepods after 48 h of exposure. a Acartia tonsa (experiment conducted in July), b Acartia tonsa (experiment conducted in October), c Temora turbinata, and d Parvocalanus crassirostris. In all treatments n = 2, except in the experiments conducted with A. tonsa in July when n = 4. Error bars represent the standard deviations. Asterisk indicates significantly lower than the controls (p < 0.05)