Table 3.

Analysis of variance results for the (marginally significant) covariate IQ and the group factor (see MANCOVA results).

Effect	Dependent variable	F(1,37)	p	${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$
IQ (covariate)	Total percentage of visual memory errors (VLTM-D)	1.38	0.248	0.036
	Portion of detail-related memory errors (VLTM-D)	0.19	0.668	0.005
	Pseudo-word segmentation (phonological ability, subtest 1)	1.33	0.256	0.035
	Vowel substitution (phonological ability, subtest 2)	5.54	0.024	0.130
Group (controls vs. dyslexics)	Total percentage of visual memory errors (VLTM-D)	0.90	0.349	0.024
	Portion of detail-related memory errors (VLTM-D)	4.20	0.048	0.102
	Pseudo-word segmentation (phonological ability, subtest 1)	3.87	0.057	0.095
	Vowel substitution (phonological ability, subtest 2)	22.30	<0.001	0.376