Table 1. Adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic action of compounds applied in humans and insects.
| compound | function in humans | function in insects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tyrosine | Precursor of DOPA, dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline | Precursor of DOPA, dopamine, tyramine and octopamine | [48] |
| L-DOPA | D(1-4) dopamine receptor agonist, dopamine precursor | Dopamine and DOPA melanin precursor, | [48,49,50] |
| Dopamine | D(1-4) dopamine receptor agonist, dopamine transport inducer, dopamine beta hydroxylase ligand, | dopamine melanin precursor, Dop1-3 receptor agonist, Oct α2R (OA3) agonist, TyR1 and TyR3 agonist | [27,29,30,38,51,52] |
| Carbidopa | Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitor | DDC inhibitor | [53,54] |
| Tyramine | Trace amine associated receptor (TAAR) agonist, β-adrenergic receptor 1 and 2 (ADBR1,2) antagonist | Oct α2R (OA3) agonist, TyR1-3 agonist, Dop3 (D2 like) agonist | [29,30,38,45,55,56,57] |
| Octopamine | TAAR agonist, ADRB2-antagonist, ADRB1,3-agonist | Oct α2R (OA3) agonist, TyR 1 agonist, OctβR (OA2) agonist, TyR3 agonist | [29,30,38,57,58,59] |
| Clonidine | α2 adrenergic agonist | TyR > OctR agonist, Oct α2R (OA3) agonist, OctR 1 (OA1) agonist | [30,60,61] |
| Yohimbine | α2, 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(1D), and D(2) receptor antagonist, 5HT (1A) agonist | TyR 1 antagonist, 5-HT1,2,7 antagonist, OctR1 (OA1) antagonist, TyR>OctR antagonist | [28,30,45,61,62,63,64] |
| Prazosin | α1 antagonist | TyR1 (Oct/Tyr) antagonist, 5-HT1,7 antagonist, OctR antagonist | [58,61,65,66] |
| Phenylephrine | α1 agonist | TyR agonist, Oct R agonist | [67,68] |
| Clenbuterol | β2 agonist | ND | [69] |
| Dobutamine | β1 and α1 agonist | ND | [70] |
| Acebutolol | β1 antagonist | ND | [71] |
| Sotalol | Non-selective β- blocker | ND | [72] |
| Amitriptyline | Noradrenaline and serotonin transport (SERT) inhibitor, 5HT-2A receptor antagonist, TrkA and TrkB receptor agonist | Dop2 antagonist | [27,73,74,75,76,77] |
| Sch-39166 (Ecopipam) | D1 receptor antagonist | ND | [78] |
| SKF-38393 | D1 receptor agonist | Dopamine 1 receptor (Dop1) agonist | [27,79] |
| Domperidone | D2,D3 receptor antagonist | Dop3 (D2 like) antagonist | [80,81] |
| Bromocriptine | D2,D3, 5-HT receptor agonist, α2-adrenergic, D1 receptor antagonist, inactivates dopamine D4 and 5-HT7 receptors | Dop3 (D2 like) agonist | [55,82,83] |
| Serotonin (5HT) | 5-HT agonist | 5HT1,2,7 agonist, Dop3 (D2 like) agonist | [55,61,63,66] |
| 5-Methyl-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) | 5-HT agonist | 5-HT2 agonist | [63,84] |
| Ketanserin | 5-HT antagonist | 5-HT2 antagonist | [63,85] |
| Citalopram | SERT inhibitor | ND | [86] |
ND-not determined.