Figure 3. Voltage generations based on ion transport through G-O membranes.

(a),(b), Schematic diagrams and photograph of the voltage measuring process. (c), Stable voltage generations based on the penetrations of alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal salts through G-O membranes for 3 h. (d), Generated voltages during the transport processes of KCl, and MgCl₂ with increasing concentrations. The blue ball plots the generated voltage for the hybrid of KCl, and MgCl₂ penetrating through G-O membranes for 3 h.