Table 5.

Summary of published measures of effect and critical appraisal grade for studies that assessed all-day personal exposure.

References		Time of Exposure		Outcome		Main Results OR (95%CI)			Covariates	CASPgrade
[38]		3rd trimester		Birth weight (grams), length (cm), head circumference (cm)		All			BMI, parity, cotinine, sex of baby, gestational age	6/10
						Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −0.05, p-value = 0.08
						Birth length: Beta-coefficient −0.02, p-value = 0.08
						Birth head circumference: Beta-coefficient −0.01, p-value = 0.12
						African-American
						Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −0.10, p-value = 0.02
						Birth length: Beta-coefficient −0.02, p-value = 0.24
						Birth head circumference: Beta-coefficient −0.02, p-value = 0.06
						Dominican
						Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −0.009, p-value = 0.81
						Birth length: Beta-coefficient −0.02, p-value = 0.11
						Birth head circumference: Beta-coefficient 0.003, p-value = 0.80
[32]		2nd trimester		Birth weight (grams), length (cm), head circumference (cm)		LogPM2.5		Number of pregnancies, height, and prepregnancy weight of mother, sex of newborn, gestational age	7/10
						Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −200.821 95% CI (−385.968 to −15.674)
						Birth length: Beta-coefficient −1.439 95% CI (−2.583 to −0.294)
						Birth head circumference: Beta-coefficient −0.729 95% CI (−1.347 to −0.112)
[33]		2nd trimester		Birth weight (grams), length (cm), head circumference (cm)		PM2.5		Maternal education, parity, maternal height, pre- pregnancy weight, weight gain over pregnancy, gestational age, gender of child, season of birth	7/10
						27.0–46.19 μg/m3vs. ≥46.2 μg/m3
						Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −16.51 95% CI (−94.64 to 61.61) vs. −109.956 95% CI (196.649 to −23.263)
						Birth length: Beta-coefficient −0.288 95% CI (−0.790 to 0.214) vs. −0.810 95% CI (−1.367 to −0.253)
[34]		2nd trimester		Birth weight (grams), length (cm), head circumference (cm)		LogPM2.5		Maternal education, gestational age, parity, maternal height, prepregnancy weight, sex of infant, prenatal environmental tobacco smoke, season of birth	7/10
						Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −155.9 95% CI (−307.2 to −4.7)
						Birth length: Beta-coefficient −1.24 95% CI (−2.19 to −0.28)
						Birth head circumference: Beta- coefficient −0.53 95% CI (−1.04 to −0.02)
[35]		2nd trimester		Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		LogPM2.5		Maternal age, education, parity, gestational weight gain, prepregnancy BMI, environmental tobacco smoke, blood lead level	7/10
						Systolic blood pressure: Beta-coefficient −6.126 95% CI (0.610 to 11.642)
						Diastolic blood pressure: Beta-coefficient 4.083 95% CI (−0.019 to 8.185)
[35]		2nd trimester		Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		NYC African-American
						(ln) Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −0.055, p-value = 0.004
						(ln) Birth length: Beta-coefficient −0.011, p-value = 0.112
						(ln) Birth head circumference: Beta-coefficient −0.010, p-value = 0.125
						NYC Dominican
						(ln) Birth weight: Beta-coefficient 0.018, p-value = 0.094
						(ln) Birth length: Beta-coefficient 0.003, p-value = 0.712
						(ln) Birth head circumference: Beta-coefficient 0.004, p-value = 0.168
[29]		Krakow: 8th to 24th week of pregnancyNYC: 3rd trimester		Gestational age (weeks), birth weight (g), length (cm) and head circumference (cm)		(ln)Σ8c-PAHs			Not specified	7/10
						Krakow Caucasian
						(ln) Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −0.02, p-value = 0.007
						(ln) Birth length: Beta-coefficient −0.009, p-value = 0.003
						(ln) Birth head circumference: Beta-coefficient −0.006, p-value = 0.010
						NYC African-American
						(ln) Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −0.055, p-value = 0.004
						(ln) Birth length: Beta-coefficient −0.011, p-value = 0.112
						(ln) Birth head circumference: Beta-coefficient −0.010, p-value = 0.125
						NYC Dominican
						(ln) Birth weight: Beta-coefficient 0.018, p-value = 0.094
						(ln) Birth length: Beta-coefficient 0.003, p-value = 0.712
						(ln) Birth head circumference: Beta-coefficient 0.004, p-value = 0.168
[30]		3rd trimester		Gestational age (weeks), preterm delivery (n = 20), small for gestational age (n = 53)		(ln)Σ8c-PAHs		* Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, months of gestational ETS exposure, parity, winter delivery ** BMI, gestational weight gain, months of gestational ETS exposure, parity		7/10
						African- American
						Gestational age *: Beta- coefficient −0.354 95% CI (−0.714 to 0.006)
						Preterm delivery *: OR 4.676, 95% CI (1.839 to 11.886)
						Small for gestational age **: OR 1.94, 95% CI (1.09– 3.47)
						Dominican
						Gestational age *: Beta-coefficient −0.006 95% CI (−0.190 to 0.178)
						Preterm delivery *: OR 0.523, 95% CI (0.182 to 1.504)
						Small for gestational age **: OR 0.82, 95% CI (0.44–1.51)
[31]		2nd trimester		Birth weight (g) Birth length (cm) Birth head circumference (cm)		Natural log- PAH exposure correlated with the reduction from the mean outcome		Gestational age, gender, parity, maternal pre- pregnancy BMI, and c-section delivery included only for the head circumference		7/10
						Birth weight: Beta-coefficient −67 95% CI (−110 to −23)
						Birth length: Beta-coefficient −0.48 95% CI (−0.76 to −0.20)
						Birth head circumference −0.20 95% CI (−0.34 to −0.05)
						Fetal growth ratio: −1.85 95% CI (−3.09 to −0.60)
						Ponderal index: 0.01 95% CI (−0.01 to 0.04)
						Cephalisation index: 1 95% CI (−2 to 4)
[39]		27th week of pregnancy		Birth weight (g), head circumference (mm) and ultrasound examinations of head circumference (mm) and biparietal diameter (mm) between the 29th and 36th gestational weeks and before the 15th gestational week		Benzene exposure (μg/m3)		Gestational age at the examination, sex, maternal passive smoking, urinary cotinine levels, prepregnancy weightm height, parity, maternal occupational exposure to paints or pesticides, month of conception, maternal education, center		8/10
						<1.4 vs. 1.4–2.59 vs. ≥2.6
						Birth weight: Beta-coefficient 95%CI
						0 vs. −74 (−197 to 50) vs. −90 (−215 to 36) vs. −68 (−135 to −1)
						Head circumference at birth: Beta-coefficient 95%CI
						0 vs. −0.9 (−4.5 to 2.7) vs. −3.7 (−7.3 to 0.0) vs. −1.9 (−3.8 to 0.0)
						Head circumference the 2nd trimester ultrasound scan: Beta-coefficient 95%CI
						0 vs. −1.3 (−4.2 to 1.6) vs. −2.5 (−5.4 to 0.5) vs. −1.5 (−3.1 to 0.0)
						Biparietal diameter the 2nd trimester ultrasound scan: Beta-coefficient 95%CI
						0 vs. −0.5 (−1.5 to 0.5) vs. −1.0 (−2.0 to 0.0) vs. −0.6 (−1.1 to −0.1)
[39]		27th week of pregnancy		Birth weight (g), head circumference (mm) and ultrasound examinations of head circumference (mm) and biparietal diameter (mm) between the 29th and 36th gestational weeks and before the 15th gestational week		Head circumference at the 3rd trimester ultrasound scan: Beta-coefficient 95%CI
						0 vs. −1.6 (−5.4 to 2.3) vs. −4.8 (−8.8 to −0.8) vs. −1.9 (−4.0 to 0.3)
						Biparietal diameter at the 3rd trimester ultrasound scan: Beta-coefficient 95%CI
						0 vs. −0.2 (−1.5 to 1.0) vs. −1.3 (−2.6 to −0.1) vs. −0.6 (−1.2 to 0.1)
						ln(benzene)
						Birth weight: Beta-coefficient 95% CI −68 (−135 to −1)
						Head circumference at birth: Beta-coefficient 95% CI −1.9 (−3.8 to 0.0)
[40]		3rd trimester		Length of gestation (weeks)		Log DEHP exposure (per unit increase)		Maternal ethnicity, maternal age, maternal prepregnancy weight and height, active smoking during pregnancy, prenatal asthma, diabetes, hypertension, planned caesarean section, premature rupture membrane		7/10
						Gestational age: Beta-coefficient −0.15 95% CI (−0.39 to 0.09)

Note: *and **, they refered to the covariates for which they were adjusted to.