Table 2.

Associations between heavy metals and high blood pressure.

	Normal BP (n = 2,193)	High BP (n = 314)	P value	Adjusted Model *	P value	Weighted Model *	P value
Mercury	0.62 ± 1.45	0.67 ± 1.83	0.578	1.13 (1.00–1.29)	0.056	1.06 (0.89–1.26)	0.528
Barium	1.85 ± 2.77	1.76 ± 1.81	0.562	1.01 (0.88–1.16)	0.871	1.15 (0.91–1.44)	0.220
Cadmium	0.30 ± 0.43	0.26 ± 0.51	0.199	1.06 (0.89–1.27)	0.504	1.02 (0.83–1.87)	0.832
Cobalt	0.49 ± 0.86	0.54 ± 0.88	0.318	1.28 (1.07–1.52)	0.006	1.35 (0.97–1.88)	0.073
Cesium	4.78 ± 3.17	5,11 ± 3.16	0.086	1.74 (1.38–2.21)	<0.001	1.56 (1.11–2.20)	0.014
Molybdenum	59.90 ± 57.00	71.64 ± 70.21	0.001	1.49 (1.26–1.77)	<0.001	1.46 (1.06–2.01)	0.023
Manganese	0.17 ± 0.44	0.19 ± 0.20	0.629	1.40 (1.18–1.66)	<0.001	1.42 (1.09–1.86)	0.012
Lead	0.59 ± 1.05	0.69 ± 1.00	0.112	1.62 (1.38–1.91)	<0.001	1.58 (1.28–1.96)	<0.001
Tin	1.47 ± 3.17	2.18 ± 4.03	0.0004	1.45 (1.30–1.63)	<0.001	1.44 (1.25–1.66)	<0.001
Antimony	0.08 ± 0.12	0.10 ± 0.17	0.006	1.56 (1.29–1.89)	<0.001	1.39 (1.10–1.77)	0.010
Strontium	121.20 ± 121.08	115.82 ± 100.78	0.454	0.99 (0.85–1.15)	0.904	1.01 (0.71–1.43)	0.967
Thallium	0.20 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.16	0.272	1.34 (1.09–1.66)	0.006	1.16 (0.84–1.62)	0.350
Tungsten	0.16 ± 0.75	0.18 ± 0.24	0.636	1.39 (1.21–1.60)	<0.001	1.49 (1.25–1.77)	<0.001
Uranium	0.01 ± 0.07	0.01 ± 0.03	0.817	1.19 (1.02–1.38)	0.024	1.08 (0.89–1.30)	0.433

Note: * Adjusted for urine creatinine, age, sex, ethnicity, and body mass index in the adjusted model, and additionally adjusted for survey weighting in the weighted model.