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. 2014 Jul 2;4:131. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00131

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Copyright © 2014 Bruno, Pagani, Pulze, Albini, Dallaglio, Noonan and Mortara.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Inflammatory orchestration of tumor angiogenesis. Both solid and hematological malignancies are associated with an inflammatory state characterized by different innate and adaptive immune cells. These cells are able to play two different symphonies at the same: on one hand they can contribute to tumor suppression and eradication, on the other they play a key role in tumor insurgence and progression. The TUMIC produces several factors, including TGFβ, PGE2, VEGF, lactic acid, and adenosine, which contribute to polarization of immune cells toward a pro-tumor/pro-angiogenic phenotype. Polarization is not only mediated by tumor cell products, but also involves crosstalk between immune cells. Ag–Ab, antigen–antibody complexes; CSCs, cancer stem cells.