Table 2.
Positive response rate of each item, Cronbach's α for dimensions and reproducibility
| Dimension/items (internal consistency reliability coefficient) | USA (%) | China (%) | ICC |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Physical Space and Environment (Cronbach's α=0.60) | 72 | 69 | |
| A1. This pharmacy is well organised | 84 | 84 | 0.86 |
| A5. This pharmacy is free of clutter | 67 | 53 | 0.80 |
| A7. The physical layout of this pharmacy supports good workflow | 65 | 69 | 0.69 |
| 2. Teamwork (Cronbach's α=0.44) | 81 | 84 | |
| A2. Staff treat each other with respect | 79 | 86 | 0.74 |
| A4. Staff in this pharmacy clearly understand their roles and responsibilities | 81 | 90 | 0.86 |
| A9. Staff work together as an effective team | 82 | 77 | 0.80 |
| 3. Staff Training and Skills (Cronbach's α=0.75) | 79 | 88 | |
| A3. Technicians in this pharmacy receive the training they need to do their jobs | 81 | 87 | 0.78 |
| A6. Staff in this pharmacy have the skills they need to do their jobs well | 86 | 90 | 0.86 |
| A8. Staff who are new to this pharmacy receive adequate orientation | 72 | 88 | 0.86 |
| 4. Communication Openness (Cronbach's α=0.57) | 87 | 64 | |
| B1. Staff ideas and suggestions are valued in this pharmacy | 81 | 64 | 0.30 |
| B5. Staff feel comfortable asking questions when they are unsure about something | 91 | 72 | 0.88 |
| B10. It is easy for staff to speak up to their supervisor/manager about patient safety concerns in this pharmacy | 88 | 57 | 0.52 |
| 5. Patient Counseling (Cronbach's α=0.69) | 90 | 57 | |
| B2. We encourage patients to talk to pharmacists about their medications | 92 | 56 | 0.80 |
| B7. Our pharmacists spend enough time talking to patients about how to use their medications | 86 | 52 | 0.94 |
| B11. Our pharmacists tell patients important information about their new prescriptions | 93 | 63 | 0.73 |
| 6. Staffing, Work Pressure and Pace (Cronbach's α=0.5) | 41 | 50 | |
| B3. Staff take adequate breaks during their shifts | 56 | 60 | 0.92 |
| B9. We feel rushed when processing prescriptions (negatively worded) | 14 | 40 | 0.81 |
| B12. We have enough staff to handle the workload | 56 | 62 | 0.92 |
| B16. Interruptions/distractions in this pharmacy (from phone calls, faxes, customers, etc) make it difficult for staff to work accurately (negatively worded) | 40 | 37 | 0.72 |
| 7. Communication About Prescriptions Across Shifts (Cronbach's α=0.84) | 81 | 79 | |
| B4. We have clear expectations about exchanging important prescription information across shifts | 84 | 83 | 0.79 |
| B6. We have standard procedures for communicating prescription information across shifts | 78 | 77 | 0.72 |
| B14. The status of problematic prescriptions is well communicated across shifts | 81 | 77 | 0.76 |
| 8. Communication About Mistakes (Cronbach's α=0.17) | 79 | 62 | |
| B8. Staff in this pharmacy discuss mistakes | 74 | 50 | 0.93 |
| B13. When patient safety issues occur in this pharmacy, staff discuss them | 84 | 57 | 0.73 |
| B15. In this pharmacy, we talk about ways to prevent mistakes from happening again | 81 | 78 | 0.68 |
| 9. Response to Mistakes (Cronbach's α=0.57) | 79 | 65 | |
| C1. Staff are treated fairly when they make mistakes | 80 | 81 | 0.71 |
| C4. This pharmacy helps staff learn from their mistakes rather than punishing them | 84 | 66 | 0.84 |
| C7. We look at staff actions and the way we do things to understand why mistakes happen in this pharmacy | 84 | 76 | 0.86 |
| C8. Staff feel like their mistakes are held against them (negatively worded) | 69 | 37 | 0.66 |
| 10. Organizational Learning—Continuous Improvement (Cronbach's α=0.48) | 83 | 84 | |
| C2. When a mistake happens, we try to figure out what problems in the work process led to the mistake | 90 | 90 | 0.74 |
| C5. When the same mistake keeps happening, we change the way we do things | 82 | 81 | 0.71 |
| C10. Mistakes have led to positive changes in this pharmacy | 79 | 82 | 0.76 |
| 11. Overall Perceptions of Patient Safety (Cronbach's α=0.45) | 84 | 80 | |
| C3. This pharmacy places more emphasis on sales than on patient safety (negatively worded) | 80 | 79 | 0.73 |
| C6. This pharmacy is good at preventing mistakes | 85 | 76 | 0.94 |
| C9. The way we do things in this pharmacy reflects a strong focus on patient safety | 86 | 84 | 0.68 |
ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient.