Table 3.

The comparison of attitudes of different levels of hospitals and qualification of hospital pharmacists on patient safety culture

Items	Hospital levels						Qualification levels
	Third-grade hospital		Second-grade hospital		χ2	p Value	Senior pharmacist		Junior pharmacist		Pharmacy intern		χ2	p Value
	NPR	NOR	NPR	NOR			NPR	NOR	NPR	NOR	NPR	NOR
A1. This pharmacy is well organised	316	41	123	47	21.63	0.000	18	2	355	66	66	20	3.61	0.16
A5. This pharmacy is free of clutter	171	186	107	63	10.45	0.001	12	8	223	198	43	43	0.69	0.71
A7. The physical layout of this pharmacy supports good workflow	236	121	123	47	2.07	0.15	16	4	288	133	55	31	2.00	0.37
A2. Staff treat each other with respect	308	49	141	29	1.01	0.31	18	2	360	61	71	15	0.87	0.65
A4. Staff in this pharmacy clearly understand their roles and responsibilities	321	36	150	27	0.34	0.56	19	1	312	49	80	6	2.33	0.31
A9. Staff work together as an effective team	283	74	116	54	7.63	0.006	16	4	321	100	62	24	0.88	0.65
A3. Technicians in this pharmacy receive the training they need to do their jobs	308	49	139	31	1.82	0.18	14	6	353	68	73	13	2.80	0.25
A6. Staff in this pharmacy have the skills they need to do their jobs well	319	38	150	27	0.15	0.70	19	1	376	45	74	12	1.54	0.46
A8. Staff who are new to this pharmacy receive adequate orientation	309	48	144	26	0.33	0.57	17	3	360	61	76	10	0.50	0.78
B1. Staff ideas and suggestions are valued in this pharmacy	220	137	101	69	0.24	0.63	16	4	253	168	52	34	3.18	0.20
B5. Staff feel comfortable asking questions when they are unsure about something	255	102	110	60	2.45	0.12	17	3	289	132	59	27	2.42	0.30
B10. It is easy for staff to speak up to their supervisor/manager about patient safety concerns in this pharmacy	193	164	92	78	0.000	0.99	9	11	232	189	44	42	1.14	0.57
B2. We encourage patients to talk to pharmacists about their medications	192	165	87	83	0.31	0.58	14	6	217	204	48	38	2.96	0.23
B7. Our pharmacists spend enough time talking to patients about how to use their medications	274	83	137	33	0.99	0.32	13	7	231	208	46	40	1.73	0.42
B11. Our pharmacists tell patients important information about their new prescriptions	214	143	94	76	1.03	0.31	12	8	247	174	49	37	0.11	0.95
B3. Staff take adequate breaks during their shifts	187	170	121	49	16.75	0.000	18	2	245	176	45	41	9.54	0.01
B9. We feel rushed when processing prescriptions (negatively worded)	110	247	87	83	20.40	0.000	8	12	153	268	36	50	0.99	0.61
B12. We have enough staff to handle the workload	212	145	202	68	0.02	0.89	15	5	251	170	48	38	2.45	0.29
B16. Interruptions/distractions in this pharmacy (from phone calls, faxes, customers, etc) make it difficult for staff to work accurately (negatively worded)	116	241	71	99	4.32	0.04	6	14	147	274	34	52	0.94	0.63
B4. We have clear expectations about exchanging important prescription information across shifts	171	186	101	69	6.11	0.01	17	3	333	88	61	25	3.37	0.19
B6. We have standard procedures for communicating prescription information across shifts	241	116	126	44	2.28	0.12	16	4	303	118	48	38	9.87	0.01
B14. The status of problematic prescriptions is well communicated across shifts	257	100	126	44	0.26	0.61	18	2	307	114	58	28	4.22	0.12
B8. Staff in this pharmacy discuss mistakes	180	177	72	98	3.00	0.08	11	9	201	220	40	46	0.47	0.79
B13. When patient safety issues occur in this pharmacy, staff discuss them	208	149	84	86	3.65	0.06	11	9	233	188	48	38	0.00	0.99
B15. In this pharmacy, we talk about ways to prevent mistakes from happening again	283	74	116	54	7.63	0.006	16	4	319	102	64	22	0.28	0.87
C1. Staff are treated fairly when they make mistakes	287	70	131	39	0.78	0.38	17	3	330	91	71	15	1.17	0.56
C4. This pharmacy helps staff learn from their mistakes rather than punishing them	222	135	120	50	3.57	0.06	15	5	275	146	52	34	1.67	0.43
C7. We look at staff actions and the way we do things to understand why mistakes happen in this pharmacy	268	89	117	53	2.28	0.13	15	5	313	108	57	29	2.40	0.30
C8. Staff feel like their mistakes are held against them (negatively worded)	118	239	68	102	2.43	0.12	5	15	152	269	29	57	1.14	0.57
C2. When a mistake happens, we try to figure out what problems in the work process led to the mistake	323	34	145	25	3.11	0.08	19	1	371	50	78	8	1.28	0.53
C5. When the same mistake keeps happening, we change the way we do things	291	66	127	43	3.25	0.07	18	2	335	86	65	21	2.14	0.34
C10. Mistakes have led to positive changes in this pharmacy	298	59	118	52	13.70	0.000	16	4	337	84	63	23	2.00	0.37
C3. This pharmacy places more emphasis on sales than on patient safety (negatively worded)	274	83	132	38	0.05	0.82	17	3	323	98	66	20	0.75	0.69
C6. This pharmacy is good at preventing mistakes	276	81	116	54	4.98	0.03	17	3	315	106	60	26	2.19	0.34
C9. The way we do things in this pharmacy reflects a strong focus on patient safety	306	51	129	41	7.73	0.005	19	1	351	70	65	21	5.25	0.07
D1. When a mistake reaches the patient and could cause harm but does not, how often is it documented?	200	157	99	71	0.23	0.63	12	8	243	178	44	42	1.34	0.51
D2. When a mistake reaches the patient but has no potential to harm the patient, how often is it documented?	207	150	95	75	0.21	0.65	13	7	246	175	43	43	2.58	0.28
D3. When a mistake that could have harmed the patient is corrected before the medication leaves the pharmacy, how often is it documented?	209	148	95	75	0.33	0.56	14	6	244	177	41	45	4.57	0.10

NOR, number of other responses; NPR, number of positive response answers.