Fig. 4.

The effect of venom variation on venom-induced lethality and pathogenicity and the neutralizing efficacy of an antivenom. Comparisons of the in vivo lethality (LD₅₀) of each venom to mice (A), scorpions (B), and locusts (C), their in vivo hemorrhagic (D) and in vitro procoagulant activities (E), and their neutralization by an E. ocellatus-monospecific antivenom, EchiTAbG (F). Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) detected between venoms; N.D. indicates not determined; and N.S. indicates no significant difference. Error bars in A–C and F represent 95% confidence intervals and in D represent SEM. Note that B. arietans and C. cerastes venoms did not cause procoagulant effects at the highest dose tested (100 μg) and that EchiTAbG was ineffective at preventing lethality caused by E. c. sochureki, B. arietans, and C. cerastes venoms at the highest dose permitted by the ED₅₀ assay (150 μL). Parts of the data shown in A–C and F are reproduced from refs. 12, 20, and 25).